A two dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport model for dam break based on finite volume method with quadtree grid

This study aims to develop a robust, accurate and computationally efficient hydrodynamic and sediment transport model for dam break flows. The two dimensional shallow water equations are resolved based on the finite volume method with an unstructured quadtree mesh. The sediment transport and bed evolution modules are coupled with hydrodynamic module to predict simultaneously the hydrodynamics, sediment concentrations and morphological changes. The interface flux is computed by the HLL approximate Riemann solver with second order accuracy. The effects of pressure and gravity are included in source term in this model, which can simplify the computation and eliminate numerical imbalance between source and flux terms. For dam break flows occurring in complicated geometries, the quadtree rectangular mesh is used to refine the interesting area and important part. The model is first verified against results from laboratory experiments, existing numerical models and real life case. It is then used to simulate dam break flows over a mobile bed to investigate the bed evolution. The results are compared with experimental data and field data with good agreement. The method is simple, efficient, and conservative. It shows promise for handling hydrodynamic simulation and sediment transport for a wide range of dam break flows.     

顾及地物类别的倾斜摄影三维模型简化方法

基于倾斜摄影测量的三维建模已成为城市级实景三维建设的发展趋势。在城市三维模型中,由于植被表面不平整,需要用大量的三角面来刻画,但这并不是实景三维数据记录和表达的重点,并且大量的数据会给模型展示和应用带来很大的困难。因此,本文提出了一种顾及地物类别的倾斜摄影三维模型简化方法。首先,计算三维模型的纹理信息和几何信息,结合马尔可夫随机场(MRF)顾及空间一致性的优点提取植被;然后,采用二次误差测度(QEM)算法简化特定的植被区域;最后,对简化后的白膜模型进行纹理重映射。试验结果表明,本文方法能够准确提取并有效简化植被区域,纹理重映射的结果在外观上也与原始模型相差无几,取得了预期的良好效果。     

全六面体有限元网格数据结构及其API技术

针对全六面体有限元网格的特点 ,提出了其数据结构的基本要求。在此基础上 ,采用双向链表的数据结构 ,分析了网格要素总的逻辑关系和引用关系 ,形成了清晰的网格要素关系图。运用C ++,以DLL的形式 ,开发了一套相容的、一致的API系统。实例表明 :该网格数据结构及其API技术的研究与应用为实现实体全六面体有限元网格生成算法起到事半功倍的效果。     

利用空白区域骨架线网眼匹配多源面状居民地

多源大比例尺城市地图中,同名居民地数据间往往存在较大几何位置偏差,从而增加了居民地匹配的难度和不确定性。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种利用空白区域骨架线网眼进行居民地匹配的新方法。首先,提取空白区域骨架线,并建立空白区域骨架线网眼和居民地之间的一一映射关系,将居民地匹配转换为骨架线网眼匹配;然后,根据骨架线网眼之间的相接拓扑关系构建对偶图,计算对偶图中每个节点的各项中心性指标,并利用极化变换和层次分析法建立骨架线网眼匹配模型,获取骨架线网眼匹配结果;最后,将骨架线网眼匹配结果按照映射关系进行传递,从而得到居民地匹配结果。将居民地匹配转换为空白区域骨架线网眼匹配,并对骨架线网眼进行对偶图构建和极化变换,为匹配增加拓扑约束和相对位置约束,从而弥补几何位置的较大偏差对匹配造成的影响。对比试验及分析表明本方法能够有效解决大比例尺城市地图中几何位置偏差较大的面状居民地的匹配问题。     

卧式海流发电装置叶轮特性仿真研究

基于上海海洋大学研制的卧式海流能发电装置,在对叶片受力进行分析的基础上,采用雷诺平均N-S方程和滑移网格技术,对不同工况下的叶轮运动进行了数值模拟,获得了力矩系数、能量转换效率及功率等性能参数。通过分析比较不同工况下的各性能参数的变化规律,发现叶轮运动具有周期性,一个周期内的相邻极大、极小值之间相差72°相位角;随着海流速度和叶轮转速的增大,输出功率逐渐增大;而力矩系数和能量利用效率却呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在海流速度v=1.5 m/s,尖速比λ=2.46时,能量转换效率最大,可达到34.6%,输出功率为373 W,并与海试结果进行了对比分析。     

Use of fused airborne scanning laser altimetry and digital map data for urban flood modelling

Flood modelling of urban areas is still at an early stage, partly because until recently topographic data of sufficiently high resolution and accuracy have been lacking in urban areas. However, digital surface models (DSMs) generated from airborne scanning laser altimetry (LiDAR) having sub‐metre spatial resolution have now become available, and these are able to represent the complexities of urban topography. This paper describes the development of a LiDAR post‐processor for urban flood modelling based on the fusion of LiDAR and digital map data. The map data are used in conjunction with LiDAR data to identify different object types in urban areas, though pattern recognition techniques are also employed. Post‐processing produces a digital terrain model (DTM) for use as model bathymetry, and also a friction parameter map for use in estimating spatially distributed friction coefficients. In vegetated areas, friction is estimated from LiDAR‐derived vegetation height, and (unlike most vegetation removal software) the method copes with short vegetation less than ～1 m high, which may occupy a substantial fraction of even an urban floodplain. The DTM and friction parameter map may also be used to help to generate an unstructured mesh of a vegetated urban floodplain for use by a two‐dimensional finite element model. The mesh is decomposed to reflect floodplain features having different frictional properties to their surroundings, including urban features (such as buildings and roads) and taller vegetation features (such as trees and hedges). This allows a more accurate estimation of local friction. The method produces a substantial node density due to the small dimensions of many urban features. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mitigating horizontal divergence “checker-board” oscillations on unstructured triangular C-grids for nonlinear hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic flows

A complication of finite-volume triangular C-grid methods is the numerical emergence of horizontal divergence errors that lead to grid-scale oscillations in vertical velocity. Nonlinear feedback via advection of momentum can lead to numerical instability in velocity modes via positive feedback with spurious vertical velocities induced by horizontal divergence truncation error. Existing strategies to mitigate divergence errors such as direct divergence averaging and increased diffusion do not completely mitigate horizontal vertical velocity oscillations. We present a novel elliptic filtering approach to mitigate this spurious error and more accurately represent vertical velocities via improved calculation of horizontal divergences. These results are applied to laminar curved channel flows, demonstrating the applicability of the method to reproduce secondary flow features.     

宁波近海台风暴潮可能最大增水的数值模拟

浙江海洋经济飞速发展,突显了研究沿海地区台风暴潮等自然灾害的重要性.本研究采用无结构三角形网格有限体积海洋数值模型,模拟了宁波近海台风暴潮可能最大增水.首先选取0407号强台风“蒲公英”的增水过程进行宁波近海可能最大增水的后报分析,其结果与东海的4个地面台站水位资料相比显示后报结果的平均绝对误差为0.075 m,平均相对误差为1.32％.然后,利用该模式对1997 ～ 2012年期间影响宁波近海的15个典型台风进行了台风暴潮可能最大增水的后报,误差统计显示后报的水位平均绝对误差为0.160 m,相对误差为2.95％.最后,通过引入风暴潮集合预报技术,利用假想台风进行了预报试验,结果表明宁波近海台风暴潮的可能最高水位为7.735 m.这些研究结果可为宁波近海重点工程海域的风险评估与区划提供重要的参考.     

Adaptive mesh refinement for storm surge

An approach to utilizing adaptive mesh refinement algorithms for storm surge modeling is proposed. Currently numerical models exist that can resolve the details of coastal regions but are often too costly to be run in an ensemble forecasting framework without significant computing resources. The application of adaptive mesh refinement algorithms substantially lowers the computational cost of a storm surge model run while retaining much of the desired coastal resolution. The approach presented is implemented in the GeoClaw framework and compared to ADCIRC for Hurricane Ike along with observed tide gauge data and the computational cost of each model run.     

基于ECMWF细网格模式产品的湿螺旋度在四川盆地强降水预报的应用试验

利用欧洲中期数值预报中心(ECMWF)高分辨率预报场(0.25°×0.25°)资料以及四川省加密自动站降水量资料对2011年汛期7—9月和2012年5—7月共计20例强降水个例进行湿螺旋度指标的统计分析,分别归纳总结出6和24 h内强降水发生发展及落区分布的判据指标。利用这些判据指标对2012年8月30日至9月1日及9月8日发生在四川盆地的两例强降水过程及2013年汛期6—8月暴雨个例进行检验并在汛期投入了业务预报工作。检验结果表明:低层700或850 hPa湿螺旋度正值区的分布对强降水落区分布指示较好;当强降水发生时,24 h时效预报的24~48 h 3 h间隔预报场湿螺旋度数量值超过了指标值并持续了2个时次以上,达到了强降水发生的要求;零场预报的0~24 h及12 h时效预报的12~36 h间隔3 h预报场任一时刻湿螺旋度数量值达到了6 h指标判据值,对其后6 h的暴雨落区有较好的指示作用,可作为短时临近预报的业务参考;湿螺旋度订正预报暴雨发生的TS评分远高于ECMWF模式,预报效果好。