云南省细网格气候区划及气候代表站选取

利用1961—2008年云南省124站气温观测资料,经过地形订正后,形成1km×1km的细网格点数据。在此基础上,开展了云南省细网格气候区划及气候代表站选取的研究。结果表明,云南可划分为高原气候带、温带、北亚热带、中亚热带、南亚热带和北热带等6个气候带,所占面积分别为3.32×104、3.65×104、15.65×104、6.82×104、8.66×104和1.31×104km2;高原气候带分布在滇西北3000m以上高海拔地区,温带主要分布在滇东北和滇西北海拔高度为2200～3000m的地区,北亚热带主要分布在滇中、滇西、滇南高海拔地区和滇北低海拔地区,中亚热带主要分布在滇中、滇东南和滇西南海拔较高的地区,南亚热带主要分布在滇南和河谷地区,北热带主要分布在滇南和海拔较低的河谷地区;各气候带分布与地形和纬度相关联,地形因素比行政区域更能体现气候特征;通过站点序列与气候带序列趋势变化一致性和偏离程度的统计分析,所选气候代表站与相应气候带序列变化非常一致,能够较好地代表云南各气候带变化特征     

结合网状描述符和单应约束的近景影像直线匹配

针对现有立体影像直线匹配方法中的线描述子只依赖局部灰度特征导致可靠性较弱的问题,本文提出了一种结合网状描述符和单应约束的直线匹配方法。(1)利用线特征检测算法（Line Segment Detector, LSD）提取参考影像及搜索影像中的直线段;(2)根据角度约束和核线约束确定候选直线,缩小直线搜索范围,并计算参考直线与候选直线的重叠部分以确保端点一致;(3)利用直线段固定邻域内的同名点对构建网状描述符,选择3组不同的同名点对分别计算直线相似值,取其中最大值作为直线段的最终相似度从而确定同名直线对;(4)将未搜索到同名点对的直线段利用单应性矩阵映射至搜索影像,并根据3个判别准则得到最终的匹配结果。为了验证算法的有效性及鲁棒性,本文选取国际公开的标准测试数据集中5组近景影像进行实验,并与现有3种具有代表性的算法进行对比。结果显示本文算法的准确度及有效性均优于对比的3种算法,在匹配准确率与运行效率上最高有16.1%与49倍的提升,对于不同条件下的影像均能取得良好的直线匹配结果。     

二十面体网格和经纬网格全球模式在中国区域模拟效果对比

为了评估二十面体网格全球模式MPAS和经纬网格全球模式WRF在中国区域的模拟效果,对比了两模式对2010年10月23—28日中国区域的涡度场、降水场、高度场和温度场的模拟效果,结果表明:在30和60 km准均匀模拟下,MPAS和WRF模式对中国区域500 hPa高度处涡度场的模拟效果都比较好,但都难以模拟出局地的涡度极值中心,两模式模拟效果相当;从第3天的日累积降水的模拟结果来看,两模式基本都能模拟出降水分布情况,MPAS模式模拟结果整体要优于WRF,WRF对降水中心的模拟要优于MPAS;MPAS对高层高度场和温度场的模拟较好,WRF对中、低层的模拟较好,且WRF的预报时效性比MPAS长;网格分辨率的提高对MPAS模式模拟效果的改善不大,而WRF模式的模拟效果得到了提高.     

Discrete element analysis of the influence of bolt pattern and spacing on the force-displacement response of bolted steel mesh

Steel wire mesh held by a pattern of bolts can be used to stabilize a rock slope. Knowledge of the force-displacement response of steel mesh is essential in the design of this support system. Laboratory tests have been used to test mesh that is held to rigid steel frames. These testing conditions differ from how steel mesh is held in the field by bolts. The existing laboratory test data may underestimate the deformation and overestimate the load-bearing capacity of the steel mesh. This paper focuses on the response of the high tensile strength steel mesh held by commonly used bolt patterns. Discrete element models were used to study the force-displacement response of the steel mesh pinned by bolts. The influences of different bolt patterns and varying ratios of bolt spacing on the effectiveness of steel wire mesh were analyzed. Relationships between the resistance force of steel mesh and bolt density at various mesh deformations were developed. These relationships can help engineers choose the bolt spacing and provide an estimate of the resistance force that a steel mesh can mobilize at a desired deformation limit for a given bolt pattern.     

基于GIS的边坡有限元网格自动生成研究

GIS已广泛运用于滑坡灾害研究,但GIS和数值方法相结合研究边坡问题的文献很少。原因在于边坡失稳和滑坡形成是复杂的三维空间物理力学过程,而三维空间数据模型理论还不成熟。因此,在现有GIS软件平台上实现大区域滑坡灾害数值模拟的关键在于三维有限元网格的自动生成。该文研究边坡岩土数值分析相关数据的GIS数据存储格式,提出基于栅格的六面体有限元网格生成和基于TIN的三棱柱有限元网格生成,并利用ArcGIS9．0、Amys7．0实现有限元网格自动生成。     

混合式球面退化剖分模型的设计与编码

为了解决球面退化四叉树格网(DQG)模型孔径较大、格网单元面积分布不均匀以及三角格网单元应用不完全四叉树剖分的问题,通过控制单元面积的思路设计了一种格网单元孔径更小、分布更均匀的四边形(中低纬地区)与三角形(高纬地区)的混合格网模型——混合式球面退化格网模型(MSDG);并对所有格网单元利用四叉树进行编码。通过对格网单元的几何属性统计分析发现,该格网模型的几何属性与DQG模型相比,其单元面积变化更小、分布更加均匀稳定。     

A fully coupled element‐free Galerkin model for hydro‐mechanical analysis of advancement of fluid‐driven fractures in porous media

Hydraulic fracturing (HF) of underground formations has widely been used in different fields of engineering. Despite the technological advances in techniques of in situ HF, the industry uses semi‐analytical tools to design HF treatment. This is due to the complex interaction among various mechanisms involved in this process, so that for thorough simulations of HF operations a fully coupled numerical model is required. In this study, using element‐free Galerkin (EFG) mesh‐less method, a new formulation for numerical modeling of hydraulic fracture propagation in porous media is developed. This numerical approach, which is based on the simultaneous solution of equilibrium and continuity equations, considers the hydro‐mechanical coupling between the crack and its surrounding porous medium. Therefore, the developed EFG model is capable of simulating fluid leak‐off and fluid lag phenomena. To create the discrete equation system, the Galerkin technique is applied, and the essential boundary conditions are imposed via penalty method. Then, the resultant constrained integral equations are discretized in space using EFG shape functions. For temporal discretization, a fully implicit scheme is employed. The final set of algebraic equations that forms a non‐linear equation system is solved using the direct iterative procedure. Modeling of cracks is performed on the basis of linear elastic fracture mechanics, and for this purpose, the so‐called diffraction method is employed. For verification of the model, a number of problems are solved. According to the obtained results, the developed EFG computer program can successfully be applied for simulating the complex process of hydraulic fracture propagation in porous media. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical simulation of overflow at vertical weirs using a hybrid level set/VOF method

This paper presents the applications of a newly developed free surface flow model to the practical, while challenging overflow problems for weirs. Since the model takes advantage of the strengths of both the level set and volume of fluid methods and solves the Navier-Stokes equations on an unstructured mesh, it is capable of resolving the time evolution of very complex vortical motions, air entrainment and pressure variations due to violent deformations following overflow of the weir crest. In the present study, two different types of vertical weir, namely broad-crested and sharp-crested, are considered for validation purposes. The calculated overflow parameters such as pressure head distributions, velocity distributions, and water surface profiles are compared against experimental data as well as numerical results available in literature. A very good quantitative agreement has been obtained. The numerical model, thus, offers a good alternative to traditional experimental methods in the study of weir problems.     

Unstructured grid based 2-D inversion of VLF data for models including topography

We present a 2-D inversion code incorporating a damped least-squares and a minimum-model approach for plane wave electromagnetic (EM) methods using an adaptive unstructured grid finite element forward operator. Unstructured triangular grids permit efficient discretization of arbitrary 2-D model geometries and, hence, allow for modeling arbitrary topography. The inversion model is parameterized on a coarse parameter grid which constitutes a subset of the forward modeling grid. The mapping from parameter to forward modeling grid is obtained by adaptive mesh refinement. Sensitivities are determined by solving a modified sensitivity equation system arising from the derivative of the finite element equations with respect to the model parameters. Firstly, we demonstrate that surface topography may induce significant effects on the EM response and in the inversion result, and that it cannot be ignored when the scale length of topographic variations is in the order of magnitude of the skin depth. Secondly, the dependency of the inversion on the starting model is discussed for VLF and VLF-R data. Thirdly, we demonstrate the inversion of a synthetic data set obtained from a model with topography. Finally, the inversion approach is applied to field data collected in a region with undulating topography.     

基于非结构化网格的瞬变电磁2．5维有限元正演模拟

利用Delaunay三角化这种网格非结构化方法。通过编程实现了二维模型的非结构化三角形网格剖分,并编写了中心回线法瞬变电磁2．5维有限元正演程序。与前人计算结果对比,在取得相同计算精度的情况下,与结构化网格相比,非结构化网格所需网格和节点数量大大减少,计算效率更高。通过将非结构化网格法引入到瞬变电磁2．5维正演模拟中,实现了对复杂二维地电模型的有限元数值模拟,提高了现有有限元算法的应用范围。