Selective omission of road features based on mesh density for automatic map generalization

Selection of roads is an intractable generalization operation due to the difficulty in retaining the density difference and connectivity of a road network. This paper proposes a novel approach of selective omission for roads based on mesh density. The density of a road network and its local variations are calculated using meshes as units. Since maps at different scales usually reveal different densities, different density thresholds for road networks are determined on the basis of theoretical analysis and empirical study of mesh densities on maps at different scales. The selection process starts with the identification of the meshes that have a density beyond the threshold. The mesh with the largest density is first treated. Its bounding road segments are ordered according to their relative importance. The least important segment is eliminated. The remaining segments are then merged with the adjacent mesh, thus forming a new mesh. The selection procedure is repeated until none of the meshes has a density beyond the threshold. Such a process of eliminating road segments and merging meshes can ensure the road network connectivity. In this study, the meshes are classified depending on the types of road segment. For the different mesh types, their density thresholds are set to be different, which can be used as an indicator for the preservation of the density difference. This proposed approach considers topological, geometric and semantic properties of the road network. It was applied to two sets of road networks, and the results of selection are convincing. This methodology has now been adopted for the updating of 1:50,000 maps of China.     

A hybrid optimization approach for efficient calibration of computationally intensive hydrological models

ABSTRACT

The calibration of hydrological models is formulated as a blackbox optimization problem where the only information available is the objective function value. Distributed hydrological models are generally computationally intensive, and their calibration may require several hours or days which can be an issue for many operational contexts. Different optimization algorithms have been developed over the years and exhibit different strengths when applied to the calibration of computationally intensive hydrological models. This paper shows how the dynamically dimensioned search (DDS) and the mesh adaptive direct search (MADS) algorithms can be combined to significantly reduce the computational time of calibrating distributed hydrological models while ensuring robustness and stability regarding the final objective function values. Five transitional features are described to adequately merge both algorithms. The hybrid approach is applied to the distributed and computationally intensive HYDROTEL model on three different river basins located in Québec (Canada).     

Demonstration and application of NMM‐based fractured porous medium flow model

In natural rock masses, the shapes of three‐dimensional (3‐D) blocks cut by arbitrary fracture networks may be very complex. Owing to the geometric complexity and difficulty of mesh discretization of 3‐D blocks and fracture facets, explicit consideration of fracture networks in flow analysis of fractured porous medium (FPM) is very challenging. Using the numerical manifold method based on independent covers (NMMIC), an FPM flow model was proposed that can deal with very complex 3‐D fracture networks. In this paper, the convergence of NMMIC was first demonstrated. The theoretical basis of the arbitrary refinement of computational meshes was proven. Moreover, three peculiarities of NMMIC meshes, that is, arbitrary shape, arbitrary connection, and arbitrary refinement of independent covers, were concluded. Finally, some two‐dimensional (2‐D) tunnel flow examples were analyzed and the numerical results were compared with the analytical results. 3‐D examples with complex fracture distributions were also analyzed. In addition, the computational scale of the developed program was tested by increasing the number of computational elements. The results show that our model can accurately analyze the groundwater flow of rocks surrounding tunnels with complex fracture distributions.     

数值流形法在处理强奇异性问题时的网格无关性

数值流形方法（NMM）的最大优势在于可以统一地处理岩土力学中的连续和非连续变形问题。它在求解断裂力学问题时无需强制裂纹与数学网格保持一致,非常适合应用于岩土工程中由连续到非连续的破坏过程模拟。在裂纹扩展过程中,裂纹与数学网格的相对位置将会是任意的,如裂纹尖端可能落在网格内部、网格节点上或网格边上等。因此,对同一条裂纹,通过旋转和移动数学网格构造了它们之间的这种相对位置关系以及一些可能对计算结果产生影响的极端情况,并以应力强度因子作为衡量标准,研究了NMM在处理线弹性断裂力学问题时的网格依赖性。研究表明,NMM即使在处理强奇异性问题时依然有着很好的网格无关性,进一步证实了它在模拟裂纹扩展问题时的鲁棒性。     

高精度地震时深转换方法研究及应用

地震体的时深转换是利用地震资料进行构造及储层解释的一个非常关键的环节,而常规时深转换方法精度较低,一定程度上影响了勘探井位布置及开发方案的制定。采用时深一体化网格方法,即顶底界面以多井合成记录标定求取的平面时深关系为准,顶底之间利用时间域和深度域网格一一对应关系进行“物理”搬运的方法,从而减小转换前后的累计误差,使地震体及地震反演体时深转换前后的波形与砂体形态保持一致。利用该方法将喇嘛甸油田北部区块反演结果转换到深度域,精细刻画了断层附近砂体的分布特征,指导了L213等3口水平井的部署,砂体预测准确率达到98%以上,年增油17 000 t,展现了新的时深转换方法的精度及可靠性。     

基于地理加权回归的漫湾库区景观破碎化及影响因子分析

应用地理加权回归模型分析漫湾库区景观破碎化指数——有效筛网大小与相关因子之间的空间关系。选取的解释变量分别是距道路的距离、距乡村的距离、距河流的距离、坡度。结果表明：大坝修建后4种解释变量与有效筛网大小呈现较显著的正相关性。与线性回归模型相比,地理加权回归模型的拟合效果显著提高。1974~1988年,有效筛网大小对各影响因子最敏感的区域面积呈现显著的时空变化这为确定水电站建设及其他因素对景观破碎化影响的大小,并进一步改善库区景观破碎化的现状提供了依据。     

Mesh type tradeoffs in 2D hydrodynamic modeling of flooding with a Godunov-based flow solver

The effect of mesh type on the accuracy and computational demands of a two-dimensional Godunov-type flood inundation model is critically examined. Cartesian grids, constrained and unconstrained triangular grids, constrained quadrilateral grids, and mixed meshes are considered, with and without local time stepping (LTS), to determine the approach that maximizes computational efficiency defined as accuracy relative to computational effort. A mixed-mesh numerical scheme is introduced so all grids are processed by the same solver. Analysis focuses on a wide range of dam-break type test cases, where Godunov-type flood models have proven very successful. Results show that different mesh types excel under different circumstances. Cartesian grids are 2–3 times more efficient with relatively simple terrain features such as rectilinear channels that call for a uniform grid resolution, while unstructured grids are about twice as efficient in complex domains with irregular terrain features that call for localized refinements. The superior efficiency of locally refined, unstructured grids in complex terrain is attributable to LTS; the locally refined unstructured grid becomes less efficient using global time stepping. These results point to mesh-type tradeoffs that should be considered in flood modeling applications. A mixed mesh model formulation with LTS is recommended as a general purpose solver because the mesh type can be adapted to maximize computational efficiency.     

天山中东段地震层析成像的初步研究

以中国境内天山中东段为研究区域,选定新疆地震台网自2001年以来近10年的P波和S波震相,对研究区域网格化,反演了地壳P波速度结构。结果表明：地壳中成像分辨率较高,高低速分布明显,天山中东段莫霍面埋深在48～60 km内变化,其中,中天山莫霍面最深,北天山莫霍面最浅;莫霍面起伏最大的地方往往位于盆山交汇处。     

面向GTP的三维地质模型空间剖切方法与应用

广义三棱柱（GTP）是近年来提出并被广泛应用于三维地质建模领域的一种较为成熟的空间数据模型,可满足大多数地质钻孔数据的三维地质建模的要求。然而,现有针对GTP模型的三维空间剖切分析方法,仍无法适用于偏斜钻孔数据所建三维地质模型高效多次任意剖切、不能支持较为复杂的地质模型空间分析的问题。本文通过对GTP剖切算法改进研究,提出了采用动态四面体剖分法减小数据冗余;鉴于GTP形态较为复杂,可对剖切后保留多面体进行拓扑关系的重组,解决任意多次剖切问题;将多次“面-体”形式的单剖切运算组合为一次“体-体”形式的复合剖切运算的方法,可高效实现对三维地质模型空间分析。本文着重面向GTP体元的多重任意切剖平面的剖切问题,在分析了GTP体元特征的基础上,弥补了三维地质建模领域中对GTP体元任意、多重剖切方法研究的不足。应用实例表明,上述改进算法可以提高GTP剖切计算速度,并能够快速实现巷道掘进模拟,以及空间开挖模拟等复杂的空间分析功能。