渤海典型温带风暴潮数值模拟及改进实验

分析了2010年渤海两次典型温带风暴潮过程及规律,发现沿岸的最大增水基本由北沿渤海西岸向南传播且各站出现最大增水时间有较稳定的滞后,利用一套基于非结构网格的高分辨率风暴潮模式(ADCirc)和NMEFC温带风暴潮模式(CES)分别对“20101212”强温带风暴潮过程进行数值模拟,对比分析其结果的优劣后提出基于测站风场...     

The numerical modelling of advective transport in the presence of fluid pressure transients

Conventional modelling of transport problems for porous media usually assumes that the Darcy flow velocities are steady. In certain practical situations, the flow velocity can exhibit time‐dependency, either due to the transient character of the flow process or time dependency in the boundary conditions associated with potential flow. In this paper, we consider certain one‐ and three‐dimensional problems of the advective transport of a chemical species in a fluid‐saturated porous region. In particular, the advective flow velocity is governed by the piezo‐conduction equation that takes into account the compressibilities of the pore fluid and the porous skeleton. Time‐ and/or mesh‐refining adaptive schemes used in the computational modelling are developed on the basis of a Fourier analysis, which can lead to accurate and optimal solutions for the advective transport problem with time‐ and space‐dependent advective flow velocity distributions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Adaptive finite element analysis of mode I fracture in cement‐based materials

Microscopic studies using advanced experimental techniques have provided better insight into the fracture mechanisms in cement‐based materials. A clear understanding of fracture mechanisms is critical for the development of rigorous computational models for analysing fracture. Fracture analysis is usually carried out by finite element method. Accuracy of FE analysis depends upon the choice of mesh and for the predictions to be reliable, discretization errors are to be minimized. In cohesive crack approach, the non‐linearity is limited to the boundary conditions along the geometric discontinuity while the bulk of the material retains its elastic nature. The paper presents a mesh‐adaptive strategy based on ZZ error estimator to model discrete crack propagation in cement‐based materials. Examples of simulations have demonstrated the potential of the mesh‐adaptive technique in modelling the evolution of the localized strain profiles as well as failure of concrete test specimen. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis for reflector aluminum mesh panels of five-hundred meter aperture spherical telescope

In this paper, an analysis of the aluminum reflector mesh panels for the Five-hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) is described. The study concentrates on one element of the reflector surface with the shape of a triangle. For the analysis, the panel is modelled as a mesh of cables so that it can be treated as continuous. It is demonstrated that the results so obtained are reasonable. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

竹片网水泥砂浆加固承重夯土墙体抗震试验研究

为了提高村镇承重夯土墙体的抗震性能,对2片竹片网水泥砂浆加固墙体和1片未加固对比墙进行拟静力试验,研究其破坏形态、水平承载力、滞回性能和耗能等抗震性能。试验结果表明:与未加固夯土墙体相比,加固后墙体的受力性能、变形性能及耗能能力均得到明显改善;同等加固水平下:斜放竹片网对夯土墙承载力的提高显著,相比对比试件峰值荷载和极限荷载分别提高82.58%和76.97%;正放竹片网加固的墙体滞回曲线更加饱满,骨架曲线下降更加平缓,变形能力和耗能提高更加明显,相比对比试件峰值位移和极限位移分别提高63.33%和327.69%,耗能提高了781%,且正放竹片网加固施工方便,可提倡应用。总之,竹片网水泥砂浆加固方法生态经济,可明显减轻墙体的破坏,有效改善墙体抗震性能,研究成果可对村镇夯土建筑实地加固提供参考。     

MAST-2D diffusive model for flood prediction on domains with triangular Delaunay unstructured meshes

A new methodology for the solution of the 2D diffusive shallow water equations over Delaunay unstructured triangular meshes is presented. Before developing the new algorithm, the following question is addressed: it is worth developing and using a simplified shallow water model, when well established algorithms for the solution of the complete one do exist?The governing Partial Differential Equations are discretized using a procedure similar to the linear conforming Finite Element Galerkin scheme, with a different flux formulation and a special flux treatment that requires Delaunay triangulation but entire solution monotonicity. A simple mesh adjustment is suggested, that attains the Delaunay condition for all the triangle sides without changing the original nodes location and also maintains the internal boundaries. The original governing system is solved applying a fractional time step procedure, that solves consecutively a convective prediction system and a diffusive correction system. The non linear components of the problem are concentrated in the prediction step, while the correction step leads to the solution of a linear system of the order of the number of computational cells. A semi-analytical procedure is applied for the solution of the prediction step. The discretized formulation of the governing equations allows to handle also wetting and drying processes without any additional specific treatment. Local energy dissipations, mainly the effect of vertical walls and hydraulic jumps, can be easily included in the model.Several numerical experiments have been carried out in order to test (1) the stability of the proposed model with regard to the size of the Courant number and to the mesh irregularity, (2) its computational performance, (3) the convergence order by means of mesh refinement. The model results are also compared with the results obtained by a fully dynamic model. Finally, the application to a real field case with a Venturi channel is presented.     

Road network selection for medium scales using an extended stroke-mesh combination algorithm

The road network is an essential feature class in topographic maps and databases. Road network selection for smaller scales forms a prerequisite for all other generalization operators and is thus a fundamental operation in the overall process of topographic map and database production. The objective of this paper was to develop an algorithm for automated road network selection from a large-scale (1:10,000) to a medium-scale database (1:50,000). The project was pursued in collaboration with swisstopo, the national mapping agency of Switzerland. Three algorithms (a stroke-based, a mesh-based, and a combined stroke-mesh algorithm) were implemented from the literature and analyzed using swisstopo’s large-scale TLM3D spatial database, with requirements set forth by expert cartographers. Initial experiments showed that the combination algorithm performed best, yet still it could not meet all requirements. Therefore, extensions to the basic stroke-mesh algorithm were developed, significantly improving the selection result with real-world, large test databases. Three extensions introduce modifications to the stroke-mesh combination algorithm. Furthermore, two extensions include external feature classes, ensuring accessibility of points of interest and appropriate network density representation in settlement areas, respectively. The results were evaluated by expert cartographers, who concluded that the proposed approach is ready to be deployed in production at swisstopo.     

Selective omission of road features based on mesh density for automatic map generalization

Selection of roads is an intractable generalization operation due to the difficulty in retaining the density difference and connectivity of a road network. This paper proposes a novel approach of selective omission for roads based on mesh density. The density of a road network and its local variations are calculated using meshes as units. Since maps at different scales usually reveal different densities, different density thresholds for road networks are determined on the basis of theoretical analysis and empirical study of mesh densities on maps at different scales. The selection process starts with the identification of the meshes that have a density beyond the threshold. The mesh with the largest density is first treated. Its bounding road segments are ordered according to their relative importance. The least important segment is eliminated. The remaining segments are then merged with the adjacent mesh, thus forming a new mesh. The selection procedure is repeated until none of the meshes has a density beyond the threshold. Such a process of eliminating road segments and merging meshes can ensure the road network connectivity. In this study, the meshes are classified depending on the types of road segment. For the different mesh types, their density thresholds are set to be different, which can be used as an indicator for the preservation of the density difference. This proposed approach considers topological, geometric and semantic properties of the road network. It was applied to two sets of road networks, and the results of selection are convincing. This methodology has now been adopted for the updating of 1:50,000 maps of China.     

A hybrid optimization approach for efficient calibration of computationally intensive hydrological models

ABSTRACT

The calibration of hydrological models is formulated as a blackbox optimization problem where the only information available is the objective function value. Distributed hydrological models are generally computationally intensive, and their calibration may require several hours or days which can be an issue for many operational contexts. Different optimization algorithms have been developed over the years and exhibit different strengths when applied to the calibration of computationally intensive hydrological models. This paper shows how the dynamically dimensioned search (DDS) and the mesh adaptive direct search (MADS) algorithms can be combined to significantly reduce the computational time of calibrating distributed hydrological models while ensuring robustness and stability regarding the final objective function values. Five transitional features are described to adequately merge both algorithms. The hybrid approach is applied to the distributed and computationally intensive HYDROTEL model on three different river basins located in Québec (Canada).     

Demonstration and application of NMM‐based fractured porous medium flow model

In natural rock masses, the shapes of three‐dimensional (3‐D) blocks cut by arbitrary fracture networks may be very complex. Owing to the geometric complexity and difficulty of mesh discretization of 3‐D blocks and fracture facets, explicit consideration of fracture networks in flow analysis of fractured porous medium (FPM) is very challenging. Using the numerical manifold method based on independent covers (NMMIC), an FPM flow model was proposed that can deal with very complex 3‐D fracture networks. In this paper, the convergence of NMMIC was first demonstrated. The theoretical basis of the arbitrary refinement of computational meshes was proven. Moreover, three peculiarities of NMMIC meshes, that is, arbitrary shape, arbitrary connection, and arbitrary refinement of independent covers, were concluded. Finally, some two‐dimensional (2‐D) tunnel flow examples were analyzed and the numerical results were compared with the analytical results. 3‐D examples with complex fracture distributions were also analyzed. In addition, the computational scale of the developed program was tested by increasing the number of computational elements. The results show that our model can accurately analyze the groundwater flow of rocks surrounding tunnels with complex fracture distributions.