工程结构柱式构件的抗震性能试验研究进展

为研究工程结构中柱式构件的抗震性能,本文对国内外普通混凝土柱、高强混凝土柱、钢管混凝土柱和钢骨混凝土柱的抗震拟静力试验结果进行了总结,得出了影响柱式构件抗震性能的几个关键因素,并对研究中存在的不足以及今后需要探讨的问题进行了讨论。     

再生混凝土短柱抗震性能试验研究

本文进行了4个剪跨比为1.75的再生混凝土短柱模型抗震性能对比试验,模型按1/2缩尺。模型1为普通混凝土短柱,模型2为再生粗细骨料取代率均为50%的再生混凝土短柱,模型3为再生粗细骨料取代率均为100%的再生混凝土短柱,模型4为再生粗细骨料取代率均为100%且带交叉钢筋的再生混凝土短柱。分析了各模型的承载力、刚度及其退化过程、滞回特性、位移延性、耗能能力、破坏形态。研究表明:随着再生骨料取代率的增加,其混凝土的弹性模量明显减小,试件初始刚度、承载力、耗能能力明显下降;加设交叉钢筋的试件抗震性能显著提高;再生混凝土柱可以在轴压比较小的结构中应用。提出了基于再生混凝土强度折减的承载力简化计算方法,计算结果与实测值符合较好。     

静压预应力混凝土管桩土塞效应试验研究

对淤泥质黏土互层以及粉土两种土层条件下静压预应力混凝土管桩的土塞效应进行了试验研究。现场及室内试验结果显示,管桩径厚比越大、土层条件越为坚硬则形成的土塞相对高度越大。上硬下软的土层分布易形成闭塞现象,而上软下硬的情况则易导致土塞的滑动。沉桩过程中,管壁端阻与静力触探锥尖阻力具有极为相似的变化规律,两者比值不随土塞高度变化率及沉桩深度的变化而改变。管壁端阻与锥尖阻力的相关性与土层条件密切相关,对于淤泥质黏土和粉土而言,两者比值分别为0.59和0.81。土塞的分层与地基土层分布基本一致,且分层界面为向上凸起的曲面。土塞形成过程中挤密效应是显著的,黏聚力则因扰动的影响有不同程度的降低。直剪试验显示,土塞抗剪强度的时效性是显著的。粉土中预应力混凝土管桩有效土塞高度约为5～6倍桩径,为整个土塞高度的70%;而淤泥质黏土中有效土塞高度大于4倍桩径。试验结果与已有的研究结果较为接近     

Self-centering seismic retrofit scheme for reinforced concrete frame structures: SDOF system study

This paper presents the results of a parametric study of self-centering seismic retrofit schemes for reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings. The self-centering retrofit system features flag-shaped hysteresis and minimal residual deformation. For comparison purpose,an alternate seismic retrofit scheme that uses a bilinear-hysteresis retrofit system such as buckling-restrained braces (BRB) is also considered in this paper. The parametric study was carried out in a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system framework since a multi-story building structure may be idealized as an equivalent SDOF system and investigation of the performance of this equivalent SDOF system can provide insight into the seismic response of the multi-story building. A peak-oriented hysteresis model which can consider the strength and stiffness degradation is used to describe the hysteretic behavior of RC structures. The parametric study involves two key parameters -the strength ratio and elastic stiffness ratio between the seismic retrofit system and the original RC frame. An ensemble of 172 earthquake ground motion records scaled to the design basis earthquake in California with a probability of exceedance of 10% in 50 years was constructed for the simulation-based parametric study. The effectiveness of the two seismic retrofit schemes considered in this study is evaluated in terms of peak displacement ratio,peak acceleration ratio,energy dissipation demand ratio and residual displacement ratio between the SDOF systems with and without retrofit. It is found from this parametric study that RC structures retrofitted with the self-centering retrofit scheme (SCRS) can achieve a seismic performance level comparable to the bilinear-hysteresis retrofit scheme (BHRS) in terms of peak displacement and energy dissipation demand ratio while having negligible residual displacement after earthquake.     

Modeling of environmental influence in structural health assessment for reinforced concrete buildings

One branch of structural health monitoring (SHM) utilizes dynamic response measurements to assess the structural integrity of civil infrastructures. In particular,modal frequency is a widely adopted indicator for structural damage since its square is proportional to structural stiffness. However,it has been demonstrated in various SHM projects that this indicator is substantially affected by fluctuating environmental conditions. In order to provide reliable and consistent information on the health status of the monitored structures,it is necessary to develop a method to filter this interference. This study attempts to model and quantify the environmental influence on the modal frequencies of reinforced concrete buildings. Daily structural response measurements of a twenty-two story reinforced concrete building were collected and analyzed over a one-year period. The Bayesian spectral density approach was utilized to identify the modal frequencies of this building and it was clearly seen that the temperature and humidity fluctuation induced notable variations. A mathematical model was developed to quantify the environmental effects and model complexity was taken into consideration. Based on a Timoshenko beam model,the full model class was constructed and other reduced-order model class candidates were obtained. Then,the Bayesian modal class selection approach was employed to select the one with the most suitable complexity. The proposed model successfully characterizes the environmental influence on the modal frequencies. Furthermore,the estimated uncertainty of the model parameters allows for assessment of the reliability of the prediction. This study not only improves the understanding about the monitored structure,but also establishes a systematic approach for reliable health assessment of reinforced concrete buildings.     

Procedures for calibration of linear models for damage limitation in design of masonry‐infilled RC frames

Recent earthquakes have confirmed the role played by infills in the seismic response of reinforced concrete buildings. The control and limitation of damage to such nonstructural elements is a key issue in performance‐based earthquake engineering. The present work is focused on modeling and analysis of damage to infill panels, and, in particular, it is aimed towards linear analysis procedures for assessing the damage limitation limit state of infilled reinforced concrete frames. First, code provisions on infill modeling and acceptance criteria at the damage limitation limit state are reviewed. Literature contributions on damage to unreinforced masonry infill panels and corresponding displacement capacity are reported and discussed. Two procedures are then proposed aiming at a twofold goal: (i) the determination of ‘equivalent’ interstory drift ratio limits for a bare frame model and (ii) the estimation of the stiffness of equivalent struts representing infill walls in a linear model. These two quantities are determined such that a linear model ensures a reliable estimation of seismic capacity at the damage limitation limit state, providing the same intensity level as that obtained from nonlinear analyses carried out on structural models with infills. Finally, the proposed procedures are applied to four‐story and eight‐story case study‐infilled frames, designed for seismic loads according to current technical codes. The results of these application examples are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three‐dimensional beam–truss model for reinforced concrete walls and slabs – part 2: modeling approach and validation for slabs and coupled walls

A three‐dimensional beam–truss model (BTM) for reinforced concrete (RC) walls that explicitly models flexure–shear interaction and accurately captures diagonal shear failures was presented in the first part of this two‐paper series. This paper extends the BTM to simulate RC slabs and coupled RC walls through slabs and beams. The inclination angle of the diagonal elements for coupled RC walls is determined, accounting for the geometry of the walls and the level of coupling. Two case studies validate the model: (1) a two‐bay slab–column specimen experimentally tested using cyclic static loading and (2) a five‐story coupled T‐wall–beam–slab specimen subjected to biaxial shake table excitation. The numerically computed lateral force–lateral displacement and strain contours are compared with the experimentally measured response and observed damage. The five‐story specimen is characterized by diagonal shear failure at the bottom story of the walls, which is captured by the BTM. The BTM of the five‐story specimen is used to study the effects of coupling on shear demand for lightly reinforced RC coupled walls. The effect of mesh refinement and bar fracture of non‐ductile transverse reinforcement is studied. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerically based proposals for the stiffness and strength of masonry infills with openings in reinforced concrete frames

Aimed at investigating the effect of openings on the in‐plane behaviour of masonry infills in reinforced concrete frames, a parametric study is presented based on model calibration via experimental tests. Two types of openings are investigated: central window openings and different combinations of door and window openings based on the typologies of southern European countries. First, a finite element model of the structure is made using the DIANA software program. Then, after calibration with experimental results, a parametric analysis is carried out to investigate the effect of the presence and location of the different types of openings on the in‐plane behaviour of the infilled frame. Finally, different equations for predicting the initial stiffness and lateral strength of infilled frames with any types of openings were obtained. An α factor related to the geometry of the piers between openings is proposed to take into account the location of the openings in the developed equations. Subsequently, the masonry infill panel is replaced by a diagonal strut. An empirical equation is also proposed for the width of an equivalent strut to replace a masonry infill panel with openings in such a way that they possess the same initial stiffness. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高强防寒保温泡沫混凝土研制与工程应用

复杂地层寒区隧道填充材料需兼具防寒保温、抗震和优化支护等性能,为解决常规泡沫混凝土在复杂地层寒区隧道应用中存在的不足,通过正交试验得到了自制泡沫混凝土的最佳配合比,研制了一种高强防寒保温泡沫混凝土.通过室内试验,研究了所制泡沫混凝土的保温性能和冻融劣化特征,并采用数值分析方法探讨了西藏嘎隆拉隧道初衬和二衬之间加设泡沫混凝土垫层后的温度场变化规律.结果表明：该泡沫混凝土具有较好的保温性能和抗冻融损伤性能,同时强度、延性较普通泡沫混凝土都有明显改善.数值计算结果显示,当在初衬和二衬之间增设泡沫混凝土垫层时,其相应位置的温度变幅由不设置时的4.5℃变为2℃,最低温度由1℃提高到了3℃,表明加设所研制泡沫混凝土垫层对于阻止围岩受到隧道内冷空气的侵害具有非常显著的效果.     

爆炸液化场地中浅埋钢筋混凝土结构动力响应的现场试验研究

饱和砂土地基在爆炸荷载作用下会发生液化,地基上的结构物将受到爆炸荷载及地基液化的双重作用,从而产生不均匀沉降和破坏性变形。基于大型现场爆炸液化试验,对场地上钢筋混凝土(RC)结构的动力响应和地基液化后RC结构的变形进行了分析研究。结果表明:液化场地中浅埋RC结构产生了明显的不均匀沉降,且最大沉降量达到结构高度的10%,结构差异沉降达到最大沉降量的1/5,结构沉降变形在液化后15 h时基本稳定;RC结构表面未产生明显的裂缝,动态拉、压应变均在400??以内,不会对结构造成显著破坏;结构动力响应表现为柱侧加速度峰值明显大于梁侧,但柱侧动力稳定所需时间较梁侧短,即柱承受了更大的瞬时冲击力且其抵抗瞬时冲击力的能力更强。研究结果可以为在可液化地基中的浅埋RC结构稳定设计等工程情况提供参考。