Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

Planners to the rescue: Spatial planning facilitating the development of offshore wind energy

The development of offshore wind energy has started to take place surprisingly quickly, especially in North European waters. This has taken the wind energy industry out of the territory of planning systems that usually govern the siting of wind farms on land, and into the world of departmental, sectoral regulation of marine activities. Although this has favoured the expansion of offshore wind energy in some respects, evidence suggests that the practice and principles of spatial planning can make an important contribution to the proper consideration of proposals for offshore wind arrays. This is especially so when a strategic planning process is put in place for marine areas, in which offshore wind is treated as part of the overall configuration of marine interests, so that adjustments can be made in the interests of wind energy. The current process of marine planning in the Netherlands is described as an illustration of this.     

美、英国家研究计划揭示国际地球科学研究新动向

近日,在美国最新国家研究计划“大数据计划”框架下,包括美国国家科学基金会、美国地质调查局和美国国家航空航天局在内的美国政府主要机构同时推出新的研究项目,并对现有研究部署做出相应调整,此举将带动包括地球科学在内的各领域研究的新发展;与此同时,英国地质调查局也公布了其地球科学新领域的最新研究进展.通过解读这些最新的研究计划,可以揭示出国际地球科学研究的新动向.     

The tunnel seismic advance prediction method with wide illumination and a high signal-to-noise ratio

Tunnel seismic prediction is widely used in the field of tunnel seismic advance detection. The illumination of the target and the signal-to-noise ratio of the data are two key factors affecting the precision of data interpretation. Current seismic prospecting has shortcomings on sites: (1) The lighting shots are solely towards one side of the tunnel wall, (2) the geophones are placed far away from the tunnel face and (3) the surface waves from the tunnel wall dominate over the reflection waves, lowering the signal-to-noise ratio of the data at the tunnel wall. This paper proposes a tunnel symmetrical geometry to tackle the above challenges. The arrangement is to place 12 sources uniformly on each side of the tunnel wall and six geophones on the tunnel wall and face. Results of simulated data and measured data show that the proposed method enables (1) broad illumination of the target body, (2) the enhancement of illumination energy of the target body, and (3) higher data signal-to-noise ratio. The proposed symmetrical geometry method provides better interpretation in terms of broader coverage, higher quality and greater distance of investigation.     

九瑞矿集区重磁三维约束反演及深部找矿意义

研究九瑞矿集区成矿地层和岩体的三维分布特征可为区域成矿背景和成矿规律研究提供新的信息,实现研究区深部及外围找矿突破.本文首先综合分析研究区区域地质及地层和岩石密度和磁化率特征,然后将区域地质和12条地质剖面信息利用自行开发的GIF2UBCmodel程序构建剩余密度和磁化率参考模型和上下边界约束模型,实现了带约束重磁数据三维反演.反演结果揭示九瑞矿集区剩余密度和磁化率三维分布特征,解译了矿集区主要地层和岩体分布特征.该区存在邓家山—东雷湾以及武山—丁家山两个大型岩体;盖层褶皱与结晶基底隆起方向一致,是深部基地隆起的继承.通过与矿集区已知矿床对比发现,高磁性岩体边缘和基底隆起(高密度体)两翼为成矿有利区.     

Geochemical analyses of geological layers and groundwater flows

X-ray fluorescent spectroscope analysis easily finds ratios of geochemical elements in soil. Applying the method of ratio matching to measured ratios, the classification of geological layers, and the flow directions of groundwater can be determined. This method is applied to three hill slopes in Japan and the results are in good agreement with the observations and measurements of soil cores obtained by drilling. The classification of geological layers is found to be quantitatively connected with the rates of organic matter in soil cores. Received: 5 February 1999 · Accepted: 7 September 1999     

TSP在隧道超前地质预报的应用研究

由于隧道施工经常遇到严重的地质灾害,施工前进行超前地质预报是十分必要的。本文介绍了TSP超前地质预报系统的技术特点和基本原理,结合工程实例探讨了在使用TSP过程中的一些技术问题。结果显示利用工程地质调查结论可以确定合理的探测方案和提高TSP的预报精度。     

The use of monitoring data for identifying factors influencing phytoplankton bloom dynamics in the eutrophic Taw Estuary, SW England

Using the Taw Estuary as an example, data routinely collected by the Environment Agency for England and Wales over the period 1990-2004 were interrogated to identify the drivers of excessive algal growth. The estuary was highly productive with chlorophyll concentrations regularly exceeding 100 μg L⁻¹, mostly during periods of low freshwater input from the River Taw when estuarine water residence times were longest. However, algal growth in mid estuary was often inhibited by ammonia inputs from the adjacent sewage treatment works. The reported approach demonstrates the value of applying conventional statistical analyses in a structured way to existing monitoring data and is recommended as a useful tool for the rapid assessment of eutrophication. However, future estuarine monitoring should include the collection of dissolved organic nutrient data and targeted high temporal resolution data because the drivers of eutrophication are complex and often very specific to a particular estuary.     

滇西龙陵地区地壳电性结构及其对大瑞铁路地质选线影响研究

高黎贡山地处印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞缝合带附近的横断山脉南段,是大理—瑞丽铁路（大瑞线）的必经之地,地形起伏大、构造复杂、活动性强,高黎贡山隧道作为全线控制性工程之一,其地质选线的最大困难就是对隧道深部构造环境的了解,特别是缺少对与地热、地震等联系紧密的深部地质构造的认识.为此,本文以大地电磁方法为手段,以高黎贡山隧道为主要研究对象,通过对滇西龙陵地区高黎贡山隧道越岭段两条大地电磁剖面数据的处理解释对研究区的地壳电性结构特征进行了勘探研究.结合区域地质构造特征与主要工程地质问题之间关系的分析,根据隧道主要断层地质条件设计了三维垂直断层模型,利用三维有限元开展正演模拟研究发现,测点点距、位置与横向分辨率密切相关,点距越密,分辨率越高,测点位于断层在地表投影位置能有效提高分辨率.采用大地电磁阻抗张量分解技术对两条剖面上各测点的二维偏离度和电性走向进行了计算和分析,对剖面视电阻率和阻抗相位数据进行了二维NLCG联合反演研究,揭示了沿剖面的腾冲地块、龙陵—瑞丽断裂带及保山地块10 km深度的电性结构特征及相互关系.结果表明：剖面CD电性结构呈现区域构造的三分性,腾冲地块电性结构成层性较好,保山地块成层性较差,两者均以中高阻电性特征为主,中间夹龙陵—瑞丽断裂带,电性结构反映从3 km深度以下存在几乎近于直立延伸的低阻带,推测为班公湖—怒江缝合带滇西段丁青—怒江缝合带的反映;剖面AB共划分了6条与工程密切相关的深部隐伏断裂,结合地震地质、地表地质及龙陵地震深部背景研究,推测F7-3断裂为1975龙陵7.3级地震断裂;从地表黄草坝断裂开始向下延伸,有一条发育最大深度约为4 km的低阻通道,推测为地热断裂深循环通道,其与黄草坝断裂共同控制研究区地下热水的补给、径流和排泄条件,在高黎贡山隧道线位位置形成了一个相对低温通道,为隧道方案成立的关键工程地质条件.勘探结果表明：滇西龙陵地区地壳电性结构有效的反映了高黎贡山隧道深部隐伏断裂和地热断裂深循环通道等深部构造特征,为大瑞线隧道工程地质选线提供了深部地质背景依据.

     

Differing controls on river‐ and lake‐water hydrogen and oxygen isotopic values in the western United States

Surface water oxygen and hydrogen isotopic values are commonly used as proxies of precipitation isotopic values to track modern hydrologic processes while proxies of water isotopic values preserved in lake and river sediments are used for paleoclimate and paleoaltimetry studies. Previous work has been able to explain variability in USA river‐water and meteoric‐precipitation oxygen isotope variability with geographic variables. These studies show that in the western United States, river‐water isotopic values are depleted relative to precipitation values. In comparison, the controls on lake‐water isotopic values are not well constrained. It has been documented that western United States lake‐water input values, unlike river water, reflect the monthly weighted mean isotopic value of precipitation. To understand the differing controls on lake‐ and river‐water isotopic values in the western United States, we examine the seasonal distribution of precipitation, evaporation and snowmelt across a range of seasonality regimes. We generate new predictive equations based on easily measured factors for western United States lake‐water, which are able to explain 69–63% of the variability in lake‐water hydrogen and oxygen isotopic values. In addition to the geographic factors that can explain river and precipitation values, lake‐water isotopic values need factors related to local hydrologic and climatic characteristics to explain variability. Study results suggest that the spring snowmelt runs off the landscape via rivers and streams, depleting river and stream‐water isotopic values. By contrast, lakes receive seasonal contributions of precipitation in proportion to the seasonal fraction of total annual precipitation within their watershed. Climate change may alter the ratio of snow to rain fall, affecting water resource partitioning between rivers and lakes and by implication of groundwater. Paleolimnological studies must account for the multiple drivers of water isotopic values; likewise, studies based on the isotopic composition of fossil material need to distinguish between species that are associated with rivers versus lakes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.