Petrology and geochemistry of high-titanium and low-titanium mafic dykes from the Damodar valley,Chhotanagpur Gneissic Terrain,eastern India and their relation to Cretaceous mantle plume(s)

The Damodar valley within the Chhotanagpur Gneissic terrain at the northern-most margin of the Singhbhum craton, eastern India, is perhaps the only geological domain in the entire Indian shield which hosts the early Cretaceous Rajmahal as well as the late Cretaceous Deccan igneous activities. A number of Cretaceous mafic dykes intrude the Gondwana sedimentary formations and are focus of the present study. One set of these dykes strike NNE to ENE, are very fresh and mainly exposed within the Jharia, Bokaro and Karanpura basins; whereas the other set of dykes (including the well-known Salma mega dyke) trend NW to NNW, intrude mainly the Raniganj basin and show meagre hydrothermal alteration. Majority of the samples from both these dyke groups display ophitic or sub-ophitic textures and are essentially composed of augite/titan augite and plagioclase. On the basis of petrographic and geochemical characteristics the NNE to ENE dykes are identified as high-Ti dolerite (HTD) dykes and the NW to NNW dykes are referred to as low-Ti dolerite (LTD) dykes. Apart from the first-order distinction on their titanium contents, both these groups also show conspicuous geochemical differences. The HTD dykes contain relatively high values of iron, and high-field strength elements than those from the LTD dykes with an overlapping MgO contents.Although available field, paleomagnetic and limited geochronological data for most of the studied dykes suggests their emplacement during early Cretaceous period (110–115 Ma), the Salma dyke, dated to be of Deccan-age at ∼65 Ma, is an exception. Geochemically all the studied samples show an undoubted plume-derived character but their unequivocal affinity to either the early Cretaceous Kerguelen (Rajmahal) or the late-Cretaceous Reunion (Deccan) plume is not straightforward since they share bulk-rock characteristics of rocks derived from both these plumes. Even though, the spatial and temporal association of the mafic dykes of present study with the Rajmahal Traps are suggestive of their linkage to the Kerguelen plume activity, robust geochronological and paleomagnetic constraints are clearly required to understand the relative contributions of the two Cretaceous mantle plumes in the genesis of the mafic igneous activity in this interesting domain.     

华北克拉通基性岩墙成因模式：来自锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素证据

本研究共涉及来自太行山和郯庐断裂岩浆带的12组基性岩墙群,岩墙群具体出露于河北省、山西省、山东省和安徽省。研究中给出了新的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素基性岩墙测试数据。基性岩墙形成于128.1±1.2Ma与115.0±0.8Ma之间,且具有典型的辉绿结构。另外,基性岩墙富集轻稀土元素（LREE）、个别大离子亲石元素（如,Rb、Ba、Sr）、Pb和Th,亏损Nb、Ta和Ti,具有高的初始⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值（0.7056~0.7105）,负的ε_Nd（t）（-15.5~-12.4）、相对一致的初始Pb同位素比值（²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=16.45~16.49、²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.44~15.51、²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=36.49~36.53）及较大的Nd模式年龄（t_DM2^Nd=1.82~2.69Ga）。研究结果表明,基性岩墙来自石榴石二辉橄榄岩地幔源区（类似EM1）一定程度的（1.0%~5.0%）部分熔融,岩浆侵位前经历了橄榄石、单斜辉石和角闪石的分离结晶作用,同时受到少量地壳混染的影响。目前,关于华北克拉通破坏和中生代岩浆作用的成因已有较多可能模式,本研究基性岩墙成因的新模式：古太平洋板块与华北克拉通的持续碰撞,导致华北克拉通岩石圈（地幔和地壳）加厚,并发生可能的榴辉岩化,并在一定时间发生拆沉作用。在新模式的制约下,导致了研究区中生代基性岩墙的产生和侵位。     

河北高寺台含铬超基性岩杂岩体成岩成矿时代及岩石成因

河北高寺台含铬超基性岩杂岩体产于华北克拉通北缘,具有环状分带的特征,核部为纯橄岩,向外依次为辉橄岩、辉石岩、角闪石岩,各岩相之间为过渡接触关系,在纯橄岩相中赋存有铬铁矿床。本文对该杂岩体的锆石年龄、Hf同位素和主量、微量元素进行了测试和研究。结果表明,随着基性程度的降低,各岩相岩石在主量元素特征上呈现连续的变化特征,Al₂O₃、TiO₂和K₂O逐渐升高,MgO含量逐渐降低;微量元素特征上配分曲线形态相似,具有富集Ba、K等LILEs,亏损Nb、Zr等HFSEs,稀土元素具一定程度的分异,无明显Eu异常的特征,说明各岩相为同源岩浆结晶分异作用的产物。通过对3件铬铁矿石和1件辉石岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,确定高寺台含铬超基性岩杂岩体的成岩成矿时代为213±1Ma,为晚三叠世,形成于华北板块和西伯利亚板块碰撞后的伸展阶段;年龄值介于214~211Ma之间的锆石的¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf比值介于0.282589~0.282693之间,ε_Hf(t)介于-2.0~+1.6之间,说明高寺台含铬超基性岩杂岩体的岩浆源区组成为亏损地幔物质和富集地幔物质的混合,在岩浆上升过程中有大陆地壳物质的混染,其侵位时代晚三叠世可能代表了华北克拉通北缘岩石圈减薄的开始。高寺台杂岩体年龄测试样品中广泛存在继承锆石,其年龄值介于2800~244Ma之间,分布范围宽,但相对集中于2.6~2.5Ga、400~360Ma、300~280Ma、244Ma共4个年龄段,很可能是岩浆上升过程中的捕获锆石,记录了区域内在新太古代、中泥盆世、早二叠世、晚二叠世-中三叠世存在的岩浆活动。     

山东半岛早前寒武纪高级变质基底中超镁铁质岩的成因

山东半岛早前寒武纪高级变质基底广泛出露超镁铁质岩,它们呈大小不等的透镜体产于TTG片麻岩中,且与基性高压麻粒岩密切"伴生"。岩相学和矿物相转变分析、温压条件估算以及锆石原位U-Pb定年结果表明,山东半岛超镁铁质岩记录了十分复杂的演化历史,其中早期残留的原岩标志性的矿物组合 (M₁) 以尖晶石 (富Mg)+橄榄石 (富Mg)+斜方辉石 (富Mg) 为特征,相应的岩浆结晶温压条件T=980~1050℃、P=1.55~1.65GPa;峰期高压麻粒岩相变质阶段 (M₂) 的典型的矿物组合以尖晶石 (富Fe)+橄榄石 (富Fe)+斜方辉石 (富Fe) 为特征,相应的温压条件T=840~880℃、P=1.40~1.55GPa,此阶段形成的变质锆石记录的高压麻粒岩相变质时代为1858~1877Ma;峰后中低压角闪-麻粒岩岩相退变质阶段 (M₃) 的矿物组合以斜方辉石+单斜辉石+橄榄石+角闪石 (富 (Na+K))+尖晶石+磁铁矿(富Cr) 为特征,相应的温压条件T=760~820℃、P=0.55~0.65GPa,此阶段形成的变质锆石记录的退变质时代为1820~1840Ma;晚期低角闪岩相-绿片岩相变质阶段 (M₄),以形成角闪石 (贫 (Na+K))+磁铁矿 (贫Cr)+蛇纹石±绿泥石±金云母的矿物组合为特征,相应的温压条件T=500~600℃、P=0.32~0.40GPa。超镁铁质岩的变质演化具有典型碰撞造山带顺时针P-T-t轨迹,指示山东半岛超镁铁岩是古老陆块之间碰撞造山的产物。该项成果对于进一步深入探讨华北克拉通东南缘早前寒武纪古老陆块的碰撞-拼贴及其演化的动力学过程具有重要科学意义。     

湘西隘口新元古代基性-超基性岩墙年代学和地球化学特征:岩石成因及其构造意义

湘西隘口地区基性-超基性岩墙锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄为831.6±9.7Ma,与桂北、赣东北基性岩墙具有相似的形成时代(约830～825Ma),组成了扬子陆块南缘新元古代呈带状断续分布的基性岩墙群。隘口地区的基性-超基性岩墙化学成分上属于碱性系列,超基性岩具有比基性岩明显高的MgO、Cr和Ni含量,所有样品都展示出相似的稀土和微量元素配分模式,部分样品具有轻微的Nb的负异常和明显的P、Ti的负异常,表明岩浆在演化的过程中遭受过不同程度的地壳的混染。该区基性-超基性样品具有明显高的相似于软流圈地幔的εNd(t)值,则暗示其母岩浆来源于长期亏损的软流圈地幔。结合其微量元素及其对应的比值和εNd(t)值与板内裂谷碱性玄武岩和洋岛玄武岩非常相似的特征,以及扬子周缘大规模相同时代岩浆作用的特点,我们认为这些新元古代火成岩是地幔柱有关的裂谷岩浆作用的产物,地幔柱或超级地幔柱的作用导致了Rodinia超大陆最终的裂解。     

Geochemistry and petrology of Tertiary volcanic rocks and related ultramafic xenoliths from the central and eastern Oman Mountains

The Tertiary volcanic rocks of the central and the eastern parts of the Oman Mountains consist mainly of basanites with abundant upper mantle ultramafic xenoliths. The lavas are alkaline (42–43 wt.% SiO₂; 3.5–5.5 wt.% Na₂O + K₂O). They include primitive (11–14 wt.% MgO) features with strong OIB-like geochemical signatures. Trace element and Sr–Nd isotope data for the basanites suggest mixing of melts derived from variable degrees of melting of both garnet- and spinel lherzolite-facies mantle source. The associated xenolith suite consists mainly of spinel and Cr-bearing diopside wehrlite, lherzolite and dunite with predominantly granuloblastic textures. No significant difference in chemistry was found between the basanites and xenoliths from the central and eastern Oman Mountains, which indicate a similar mantle source. Calculated oxygen fugacity indicates equilibration of the xenoliths at − 0.43 to − 2.2 log units above the fayalite–magnetite–quartz (FMQ) buffer. Mantle xenolith equilibration temperatures range from 910–1045 + 50 °C at weakly constrained pressures between 13 and 21 kbar. Xenolith data and geophysical studies indicate that the Moho is located at a depth of  40 km. A geotherm substantially hotter (90 mW m^− 2) than the crust–mantle boundary (45 mW m^− 2) is indicated and probably relates to tectonothermal events associated with the local and regional Tertiary magmatism. The petrogenesis of the Omani Tertiary basanites is explained by partial melting of an asthenospheric mantle protolith during an extension phase predating opening of the Gulf of Aden and plume-related alkaline volcanic rocks.     

藏东南超镁铁质岩墙及其地质意义

青藏高原东南部出露有大量近东西向展布的(超)镁铁质岩墙,锆石U?Pb年龄聚集在145～130 Ma之间。矿物学及岩石学结果显示：哲古错地区的亚碱性超镁铁苦橄质岩石源于150～180 km深处, 5～6 GPa下石榴石二辉橄榄岩地幔高比率的部分熔融; 碱性超镁铁质岩石源于石榴石-尖晶石二辉橄榄岩转换带,是低比率部分熔融的产物; 镁铁质岩石的岩浆在演化过程中遭受了低压下结晶分离作用的改造,不能代表原始岩浆的成份。藏东南(超)镁铁质岩石是不同深度地幔物质不同比率部分熔融的产物,亚碱性超镁铁苦橄质岩墙的出现指示了晚侏罗-早白垩印度板块北缘存在的高比率部分熔融的岩浆活动事件,暗示了地幔柱的存在和影响。     

川西峨边地区金口河辉绿岩脉SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄及其对Rodinia裂解的启示

川西金口河地区中元古代峨边群中发育大量基性侵入岩,其具体侵位时间对厘定峨边群的时限、研究扬子西缘前寒武纪构造属性具有重要意义。对峨边群枷担桥组层型剖面中一条辉绿岩脉进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年。结果表明,该辉绿岩脉的锆石发育清楚且宽缓的内部环带结构,具有较高的Th/U比值,属典型基性岩浆成因的锆石,其206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为(813.4±8.2)Ma(MSWD=0.56),代表了该辉绿岩脉的侵位时间,也限定了峨边群枷担桥组的上限年龄。综合扬子西缘新元古代中期基性岩浆活动的最新同位素年龄,证实存在2个主要的活动期:830~800Ma和780~745Ma,且830~800Ma期间基性岩浆活动的峰值年龄为(821±2)Ma。这与前人总结的华南和澳大利亚同期基性岩浆活动的年龄分布特征完全一致,暗示川西金口河辉绿岩脉的形成可能与新元古代导致Rodinia超大陆裂解的地幔柱幕式活动有关。     

砂脉的研究现状与进展*

近年来国内外对砂脉的研究非常重视,尤其是近期国外含油气盆地大型砂脉(砂注入体,sand injectite)的发现更加刺激了人们的研究热情。笔者主要从5个方面简要阐述了砂脉的研究现状与进展: (1)砂脉几何学特征;(2)砂脉的物质成分;(3)砂脉的成因;(4)砂脉的分类;(5)砂脉的地质意义。尽管中国不少学者已经做了一些相关工作,但与砂脉的复杂性和国际同类研究的先进水平和关注度相比,尚存在许多问题亟待解决。因此,有必要基于中国丰富且复杂的砂脉资源,精细解剖典型实例,阐明砂脉的三维几何特征,并探讨其与地震的关系和成因动力机制,为丰富和完善沉积学基础理论提供素材。     

A tunnel section through a prograding Namurian (Arnsbergian,E2a) delta,in the western Bowland fells,north Lancashire

The Wyresdale Tunnel was driven through Roeburndale Grit Group sediments in the western Bowland Fells. An Arnsbergian age for the strata is confirmed in a palynological study. The tunnel provided a section through a prograding delta front sequence, and proved the Roeburndale Grit Group to be much thicker than previously recorded. Syndepositional instability within the deltaic sediments is illustrated by slumps and debris slides. A comparison is made with modern deltas. It is suggested that the regional variation in sediment thickness is tectonically controlled.