大别山超高压榴辉岩流变强度——来自高温高压实验的证据

利用Griggs型 5GPa高压仪器 ,在柯石英稳定域围压条件下 ( >3GPa)完成大别山超高压榴辉岩流变学实验 ,建立了榴辉岩流变状态本构方程 (流动律 ) : ε=Aexp( -Q/RT)σn ,应力指数 (n)为 3 .4 ,活化能 (Q)为 4 80kJ/mol,结构常数 (A)为 10 3.3.实验结果表明 :( 1)作为两相矿物组成的榴辉岩 ,其流变学强度在很大程度上取决于强相矿物 (石榴石 )和弱相矿物 (绿辉石 )含量比例 ;( 2 )天然榴辉岩塑性变形机制是以位错蠕变为主 ;( 3 )根据实验成果比较榴辉岩和上地幔方辉橄榄岩流变学强度相当 ,两者耦合在大陆深俯冲 10 0km左右深度发生拆沉作用可能性很小 ,与上地幔上隆 (upwelling)作用有关的造山期后伸展作用对超高压岩石折返更具有重要意义 .     

Vapor-Absent Melting of Tonalite at 15-32 kbar

The behavior of igneous continental crust during subductionis modeled by means of vapor-absent partial melting experimentson a tonalite, containing equal amounts of biotite and hornblende,at pressures of 15–32 kbar. The experiments produce leucograniticmelts coexisting with garnet + omphacitic clinopyroxene + K-feldspar+ kyanite + quartz/coesite ± phengite ± zoisite.Experimental constraints and geometrical analysis of phase equilibriashow that the hydrous phases that control dehydration-meltingof tonalites in deep thickened continental crust and in theupper mantle are phengite and zoisite. The negatively slopingamphibole + quartz vapor-absent solidus characteristic of amphibolitesis largely suppressed in tonalites, because amphibole is eliminatedby water-conserving reactions that also consume K-feldspar andkyanite and produce phengite and zoisite. The temperature atwhich melt first appears in the experiments varies from <900°Cat 15 kbar, to 1000°C at 27 kbar, to <925°C at 32kbar. Moderate degrees of partial melting (20–30%) yieldresidual assemblages with mantle-like densities but which canstill contain minor amounts of hydrous phases. Partial meltingof tonalitic crust during continental subduction can thus generateincompatible element-rich residues that would be able to remainin the mantle indefinitely, acting as long-term sources of metasomaticfluids. KEY WORDS: mantle; melting; metasomatism; tonalite; UHP metamorphism     

Heterogeneity of water in garnets from UHP eclogites, eastern Dabieshan, China

Garnets in UHP eclogites from Bixiling in Dabieshan were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicate that all garnets contain structural water that occurs as hydroxyl (OH⁻) and non-structural molecular water (H₂O) possibly in the form of sub-microscopic fluid inclusions. The structural hydroxyl contents range from 92 to 1735 ppm (H₂O wt.) and most are between 200 and 1000 ppm. Therefore, garnet in eclogite can recycle surface water into the mantle. Various water contents were observed among different samples of the same outcrop (∼150 m) and in different domains of the same sample (∼1 cm). This variability in structural H₂O contents suggests that the mobility of fluids during UHP metamorphism was very limited, and that both subduction and exhumation processes of UHP rocks occurred in a short time interval.     

中国大陆科学钻探100-2000m超高压变质岩普通Pb同位素地球化学初步研究——俯冲陆壳内脱耦的证据

本文首次对中国大陆科学钻探工程100～2000m榴辉岩中的绿辉石和片麻岩中的长石进行了普通Pb同位素研究。钻孔上部岩段（0-800m）样品放射成因Pb同位素含量比较高且变化幅度较小（^206Pb／^204Pb=16．81-17．29，^207Pb／^204Pb=15．37-15．45，^208Pb／^204Pb=37．20-37．66），说明其原岩的U／Pb和Th／Pb或者初始Pb同位素比值比较高。钻孔中部岩段（800-1600m）发育有韧性剪切带，相应的Pb同位素比值开始降低且有起伏（^206Pb／^204Pb=16．26-16．72，^207Pb／^204Pb=15．27～15．38，^208Pb／^204Pb=36．73～37．40）、钻孔下部岩段（800～1600m）样品放射成因Ph同位素含量低但变化幅度较小（^206Pb／^204Pb=16.05～16．46，^207Pb／^204Pb：15．22～15.29，^208Pb／^204Pb=36．68～37．48），说明其原岩的U／Pb和Th／Pb或者初始Ph同位素比值比较低。实测数据同模拟数据对比表明，钻孔上、下两岩段样品普通Ph同位素不同一方面是由于继承了原岩初始Pb同位素不同，另一方面是由它们的μ值不同所致。结合氧同位素研究，本文认为800m以上和1600m以下分属上地壳和中地壳．前者是从俯冲大陆岩石圈解耦的上地壳，在大陆岩石圈俯冲过程中，上部岩片同俯冲的大陆岩石圈发生挤离，率先沿着这一个挤离面逆冲折返至浅部。下岩片是随后从俯冲岩石圈解耦的中地壳岩片，并折返至浅部下伏在先期折返的上部岩片之下。考虑到中部岩段（800～1600m）既发育有韧性剪切带又具有异常低^18O峰值（Xiao et al．，2006），挤离面是在地壳内部晚元古代的断裂带及冷水活动通道基础上发育起来的。     

中国大陆科学深钻主孔岩屑中含钠和锌的尖晶石的发现

一种含钠和锌的尖晶石矿物产于中国大陆科学深钻主孔超镁铁岩中，以出溶的方式存在于钛铁矿和磁铁矿中，长5-60μm，宽2-3μm，化学组成（wB％）为MgO17．143％-22．337％，Al2O3 63．646％～66．492％，FeO9．784％～13．924％，ZnO 1．649％-6．386wt％．Na2O 0．029％～0．219wt％。Na2O与ZnO在尖晶石中的含量呈正相关关系。经同步辐射测得其为尖晶石单晶，空间群为Fm3m，晶胞参数为a=0．83781am。根据尖晶石与钛铁矿、石榴石（pyr=56-58mol％）共生和石榴石退变为顽火辉石和镁绿泥石的特点，表明该尖晶石来自超镁铁岩，它们一起经历了至少为角闪岩相的变质作用。广泛的混溶间断现象及其所造成的出溶结构出现在氧化物中，表现为Mt-Usp、Mt-Spl及Mt-Ilm之间的交生。根据前人有关Mt-Usp和Ilm-Gk-Hem固溶体系的实验。表明主孔岩石的氧逸度相对较低，形成温度应在720℃以上。这些早期在岩浆分离结晶过程中形成的铁钛氧化物出溶体，在后来的超高压变质作用下可能发生再次固溶和因降温减压造成的出溶。     

Differential exhumation of tectonic units and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks in the Dabie Mountains, China

A model involving buoyancy, wedging and thermal doming is postulated to explain the differential exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks in the Dabie Mountains, China, with an emphasis on the exhumation of the UHP rocks from the base of the crust to the upper crust by opposite wedging of the North China Block (NCB). The Yangtze Block was subducted northward under the NCB and Northern Dabie microblock, forming UHP metamorphic rocks in the Triassic (240–220 Ma). After delamination of the subduction wedge, the UHP rocks were exhumed rapidly to the base of the crust by buoyancy (220–200 Ma). Subsequently, when the left-lateral Tan–Lu transform fault began to be activated, continuous north–south compression and uplifting of the orogen forced the NCB to be subducted southward under the Dabie Orogen (`opposite subduction'). Opposite subduction and wedging of the North China continental crust is responsible for the rapid exhumation of the UHP and South Dabie Block units during the Early Jurassic, at ca 200–180 Ma at a rate of ∼ 3.0 mm/year. The UHP eclogite suffered retrograde metamorphism to greenschist facies. Rapid exhumation of the North Dabie Block (NDB) occurred during 135–120 Ma because of thermal doming and granitoid formation during extension of continental margin of the Eurasia. Amphibolite facies rocks from NDB suffered retrograde metamorphism to greenschist facies. Different unit(s) and terrane(s) were welded together by granites and the wedging ceased. Since 120–110 Ma, slow uplift of the entire Dabie terrane is caused by gravitational equilibrium.     

An Archean(?) to Paleozoic Evolution for a Garnet Peridotite Lens with Sub-Baltic Shield Affinity within the Seve Nappe Complex of Jamtland, Sweden, Central Scandinavian Caledonides

Mineralogical, isotopic, geochemical and geochronological evidencedemonstrates that the Friningen body, a garnet peridotite bodycontaining garnet pyroxenite layers in the Seve Nappe Complex(SNC) of Northern Jämtland, Sweden, represents old, certainlyProterozoic and possibly Archean, lithosphere that became incorporatedinto the Caledonian tectonic edifice during crustal subductioninto the mantle at c. 450 Ma. Both garnet peridotite and pyroxenitecontain two (M₁ and M₂) generations of garnet-bearing assemblagesseparated by the formation of two-pyroxene, spinel symplectitearound the M₁ garnet and the crystallization of low-Cr spinel_1Cin the matrix. These textures suggest initial high-pressure(HP) crystallization of garnet peridotite and pyroxenite succeededby decompression into the spinel stability field, followed byrecompression into the garnet peridotite facies. Some pyroxenitelayers appear to be characterized solely by M₂ assemblages withstretched garnet as large as several centimeters. Laser ablationmicroprobe–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometryRe–Os analyses of single sulfide grains generally definemeaningless model ages suggesting more than one episode of Reand/or Os addition and/or loss to the body. Pentlandite grainsfrom a single polished slab of one garnet peridotite, however,define a linear array on an Re–Os isochron diagram that,if interpreted as an errorchron, suggests an Archean melt extractionevent that left behind the depleted dunite and harzburgite bodiesthat characterize the SNC. Refertilization of this mantle bymelts associated with the development of the pyroxenite layersis indicated by enriched clinopyroxene Sr–Nd isotope ratios,and by parallel large ion lithophile-enriched trace elementpatterns in clinopyroxene from pyroxenite and the immediatelyadjacent peridotite. Clinopyroxene and whole-rock model Sm–Ndages (T_DM = 1·1–2·2 Ga) indicate that fertilizationtook place in Proterozoic times. Sm–Nd garnet₂–clinopyroxene₂–wholerock ± orthopyroxene₂ mineral isochrons from three pyroxenitelayers define overlapping ages of 452·1 ± 7·5and 448 ± 13 Ma and 451 ± 43 Ma (2     

The Problem of Dating High-pressure Metamorphism: a U-Pb Isotope and Geochemical Study on Eclogites and Related Rocks of the Marianske Lazne Complex, Czech Republic

This study presents new geochemical (major and trace element,Nd–Sr isotope) and U–Pb zircon, monazite, titaniteand rutile data for various rock types (eclogite, high-pressuregranulite, amphibolite, orthogneiss, leucosome) of the high-grademetamorphic Mariánské Lázn     

Petrogenesis of the Maowu pyroxenite–eclogite body from the UHP metamorphic terrane of Dabieshan: chemical and isotopic constraints

The Maowu eclogite–pyroxenite body is a small (250×50 m) layered intrusion that occurs in the ultra-high-pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane of Dabieshan, China. Like the adjacent Bixiling complex, the Maowu intrusion was initially emplaced at a crustal level, then subducted along with the country gneisses to mantle depths and underwent UHP metamorphism during the collision of the North and South China Blocks in the Triassic. This paper presents the results of a geochemical and isotopic investigation on the metamorphosed Maowu body. The Maowu intrusion has undergone open system chemical and isotopic behavior three times. Early crustal contamination during magmatic differentiation is manifested by high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.707–0.708) and inhomogeneous negative _Nd(T) values of −3 to −10 at 500 Ma (probable protolith age). Post-magmatic and pre-UHP metamorphic metasomatism is indicated by sinusoidal REE patterns of garnet orthopyroxenites, lack of whole-rock (WR) Sm–Nd isochronal relationship, low δ¹⁸O values and an extreme enrichment of Th and REE in a clinopyroxenite. Finally, K and Rb depletion during UHP metamorphism is deduced from the high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios unsupported by in situ Rb/Sr ratios. Laser ICP-MS spot analyses on mineral grains show that (1) Grt and Cpx attained chemical equilibrium during UHP metamorphism, (2) Cpx/Grt partition coefficients for REE correlate with Ca, and (3) LREE abundances in whole rocks are not balanced by that of the principal phases (Grt and Cpx), implying that the presence of LREE-rich accessory phases, such as monazite and apatite, is required to account for the REE budget.

Sm–Nd isotope analyses of minerals yielded three internal isochrons with ages of 221±5 Ma and (T)=−5.4 for an eclogite, 231±16 Ma and (T)=−6.2 for a garnet websterite, and 236±19 Ma and (T)=−6.9 for a garnet clinopyroxenite. The Cpx/Grt chemical equilibrium and the consistent mineral isochron ages indicate that the metasomatic processes mentioned above must have occurred prior to the UHP metamorphism. These Sm–Nd ages agree with published zircon and monazite U–Pb ages and constrain the time of UHP metamorphism to 220–236 Ma. The Maowu and Bixiling layered intrusions are similar in their in situ tectonic relationship with their country gneisses, but the two bodies are distinguished by their magma-chamber processes. The Bixiling magmas were contaminated by the lower crust, whereas the Maowu magmas were contaminated by the upper crustal rocks during their emplacement and differentiation. The two complexes represent two distinct suites of magmatic rocks, which have resided in the continental crust for about 300–400 Ma before their ultimate subduction to mantle depths, UHP metamorphism and return to the crustal level.     

微观结构超压机制与超高压矿物的形成

提出了由岩石及矿物的结构形态、岩石力学性质不同引起的微结构超压机制。对影响结构超压的诸因素(弹性参数、热物理性质)进行了数值模拟实验和定量分析。研究结果表明，结构压力对超高压岩石、矿物的形成具有重要的意义。结构压力随弹性模量差异、围限压力、温度改变量及热膨胀系数差异的增加而增大。在岩石、矿物的弹性模量相差5倍的条件下，结构附加压力可达到静岩压力的45％左右。如果再考虑热膨胀系数不同及降温引起的附加压力，在较一般的情况下，60公里左右深处就有可能具备柯石英等超高压矿物形成的下限压力条件。