皖苏若干新生代火山岩的钾氩年龄和铅锶同位素特征

根据皖苏地区16个新生代玄武质火山岩的K-Ar年龄结果,认为该区新生代火山活动可以分为老第三纪(65—35Ma,主要在安徽),中新世(16—8Ma,主要在江苏)和更新世(0.6Ma,安徽女山)三期。玄武岩的铅锶同位素组成表明它们反映了其地幔岩浆源区的特征,及源区的不均一性,它们可能分别来源于比较原始的地幔和比较亏损的地幔,并有一定的混合和近期的富集作用。     

气候系统模式FGOALS_gI模拟的小冰期气候

利用1650～1750年逐年变化的太阳辐照度等外强迫资料,驱动中国科学院大气物理研究所LASG发展的快速气候系统模式FGOALS_gl,模拟了小冰期(LIA)气候.把模拟的LIA表面温度变化与重建资料进行对比,结果表明FGOALS_gl对LIA气候具有较强的模拟能力,说明太阳辐照度的自然变化是导致小冰期气候的重要成因.模拟结果显示,LIA时期纬向平均温度变化表现为整个对流层降温,低纬度地Ⅸ的降温中心位于对流层中层,北半球降温幅度大于南半球,高纬地区的降温幅度大于低纬地区.分析发现,中高纬地区的局地温度变化主要与环流异常相对应的冷暖平流有关;低纬地区的降温主要与赤道东风加强有关,东风增强通过增大蒸发和引起次表层冷海水上翻而令表层温度降低.LIA时期的降水变化丰要位于中低纬地区,表现为日界线东(西)侧降水的负(正)异常.与降水异常相对应.Walker环流加强,东太平洋对流活动减弱,它与低纬地区对流层中层冷异常相联系.与大气层顶净短波辐射异常的季节变化相对应,南、北半球夏季平均表面温度异常较之冬季低0.28℃左右.     

中国小冰期的气候

在建立了近百年中国10个区的年平均气温序列的基础上,利用史料、冰芯δ18O及树木年轮,重建了各区近400～1000年的10年平均气温序列。分析表明,近千年来中国可能有5次冷期分别出现于1100’s～1150’s,1300’s～1390’s,1450’s～1510’s,1560’s～1690’s及1790’S～1890’S。第4次冷期主要在中国大陆中部最明显,而第5次冷期在中国南部较强。新疆、东北及闽台气温变化与中国其它部分特别是南部及西南有一定差异。如果把最后两次冷期作为中国小冰期的两次主要寒冷阶段,其30年平均气温可能比20世纪中期中国最暖的30年(1920’S～1940’S)低0．6～0．11℃。     

新疆阿尔曼太蛇绿岩时代的Nd—Sr同位素地质研究

本文通过测定采自新疆阿尔曼太兔子泉一带蛇绿岩的堆晶辉长岩、辉绿岩和安山玢岩,获得Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ等时年龄为５６１±４１Ｍａ,εＮｄ（ｔ）＝６．１,Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ等时年龄为３９２±１７Ｍａ,（８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ）ｉ＝０．７０４１,前者为蛇绿岩的形成时代,后者为蛇绿岩遭受后期变质作用的时间。札河坝－阿尔曼太蛇绿岩的形成环境可能是古亚洲洋向南俯冲引起的弧后盆地     

裂变径迹定年标准化的研究

用钴活化箔对SRM962标准铀玻璃进行了刻度,并比较了用钴活化范和用经过刻度的标准铀玻璃测量中子注量的定年方法,结果表明后者的定年结果优于前者,两者都有正系统偏差。利用磷灰石、结石和榍石的7种年龄标准样品和SRM962标准铀玻璃进行多次刻度,发现3种年龄标准矿物的Zeta常数基本一致,为327.4±7.8(±2σ).     

借助同位素方法研究地下水

本文归纳介绍了现代地质年代学中可直接用于地下水研究的多种同位素方法:~(14)C、~3H、~2H、~(18)O、~(85)Kr、~(39)Ar等方法。     

同位素在饮马河流域示踪地下水的应用

本文阐述了环境同位素在地下水研究中的作用和饮马河流域水文地质概况。运用稳定同位素D和~(18)O千分偏差值分析了地下水成因、地表水与地下水的补排关系。采用放射性同位素~3H、~(14)C和地下水动力学等方法计算了地下水年龄。通过分析和讨论,对地下水成因和地下水循环周期有了新认识。因此利用环境同位素示踪地下水,对选择供水水源地具有重要意义。     

The tsunami generated from the eruption of the volcano of Santorin in the Bronze Age

A tsunami source mechanism, resulting from the collapse of the cone of the Santorin Volcano, accounted for the catastrophic sea waves observed in the Aegean Archipelago and the Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age. The tsunami and destruction resulting from the explosion and collapse of the volcano of Santorin are discussed in this study. On the basis of recent geological evidence, it is concluded that the final caldera collapse resulted from a large earthquake, along an about NE-SW trending normal fault, along which the Santorin Volcanic field has developed. Such a source mechanism can account for the size and destructiveness of this Bronze Age Tsunami with its interesting archaeological and historical implications.     

Evolution of permafrost in Northeast China since the Late Pleistocene

In Northeast China, permafrost advanced and retreated several times under the influences of fluctuating paleo-climates and paleo-environments since the Late Pleistocene. During the last 60 years, many new data were obtained and studies were conducted on the evolution of permafrost in Northeast China, but so far no systematic summary and review have been made. Based on sedimentary sequences, remains of past permafrost, paleo-flora and-fauna records, and dating data, permafrost evolution since the Late Pleistocene has been analyzed and reconstructed in this paper. Paleo-temperatures reconstructed from the remains of past permafrost and those from paleo-flora and-fauna are compared, and thus the southern limit of permafrost(SLP) in each climate period is inferred by the relationship of the permafrost distribution and the mean annual air/ground temperatures(MAAT/MAGT). Thus, the evolutionary history of permafrost is here divided into five stages:(1) the Late Pleistocene(Last Glaciation, or LG)(65 to 10–8.5 ka), the Last Glaciation Maximum(LGM, 21–13 ka) in particular, the coldest period in the latest history with a cooling of about 6~10 ?C, characterized by extensive occurrences of glaciation, flourishing Mammathas-Coelodonta Faunal Complex(MCFC), widespread aeolian deposits, and significant sea level lowering, and permafrost greatly expanded southwards almost to the coastal plains(37?N–41?N);(2) the Holocene Megathermal Period(HMP, 8.5–7.0 to 4.0–3.0 ka), 3~5 ?C warmer than today, permafrost retreated to about 52°N;(3) the Late Holocene Cold Period(Neoglaciation)(4.0–3.0 to 1.0–0.5 ka), a cooling of 1~3 ?C, some earlier thawed permafrost was refrozen or attached, and the SLP invaded southwards to 46?N;(4) the Little Ice Age(LIA, 500 to 100–150 a), the latest cold period with significant permafrost expansion; and(5) climate warming since the last century, during which Northeast China has undergone extensive permafrost degradation. The frequent and substantial expansions and retreats of permafrost have greatly impacted cold-region environments in Northeast China. North of the SLP during the HMP, or in the present continuous permafrost zone, the existing permafrost was largely formed during the LG and was later overlapped by the permafrost formed in the Neoglaciation. To the south, it was formed in the Neoglaciation. However, many aspects of permafrost evolution still await further investigations, such as data integration, numerical reconstruction, and merging of Chinese permafrost history with those of bordering regions as well as collaboration with related disciplines. Of these, studieson the evolution and degradation of permafrost during the past 150 years and its hydrological, ecological, and environmental impacts should be prioritized.     

Late Holocene coastal sand movements in the Outer Hebrides, N.W. Scotland

Lithostratigraphical and biostratigraphical investigation of coastal marshes along the Atlantic coast of the Outer Hebrides from Lewis in the north to Barra in the south discloses inland-tapering sand units within marshland areas. The inland extent of each sand unit has been radiometrically dated and the units have been collectively interpreted as a proxy for past coastal storminess. The data appear to indicate that for the study sites investigated, the majority of the sand units were produced during episodes of climate deterioration both prior to and after the well-known period of Medieval warmth (MWP). Many were produced after ca. AD 1400. It is argued that the episodes of sand blow indicated by the deposits may reflect periods of increased cyclogenesis in the Atlantic associated with increased sea ice cover and an increase in the thermal gradient across the North Atlantic region.