在GPS导航定位中坐标转换参数的确定

介绍GPS导航定位测量中坐标转换参数的确定方法，并通过具体实例分析该方法的可行性和实用性。     

Two-dimensional nonlinear site response analysis of Adapazarı plain and predictions inferred from aftershocks of the Kocaeli earthquake of 17 August 1999

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of local site conditions in the Adapazarı plain crossing the severely damaged central part of Sakarya during the 17th August earthquake. A two-dimensional model has been used to obtain the free-field motions in the valley and on surface formations. A preliminary geotechnical profile model developed from available but limited soil data was checked using recordings of some specific locations where a strong ground motion accelerometer array was in operation after the main earthquake. The range of validity of the model was assessed and modifications were made to compare with the actual recorded motions. The purpose of building such a model, which was used to study the aftershocks in Adapazarı, is to provide an improved database to be used for the design of structures in the city. This study also attempts to provide greater insight into the local site response phenomena through the use of a two-dimensional nonlinear analysis. Simulated site responses are in global agreement with the recorded data. In general agreement between the amplification functions of the computed and recorded data is satisfactory for the frequencies of engineering interest. Alluvial sites show amplification factors in the range of 4–6 in the frequencies between 0.6 and 2 Hz. A relatively shallow alluvial station, HASTAHANE, experienced considerable amplification for small aftershocks and deamplification for the strongest aftershock in frequencies between 0.5 and 2 Hz. Another station, TOYOTA, with significant deamplification characteristics and a clearly observed peak response frequency shift at the soil resonant frequency may have experienced soil shear failure during the strongest aftershock. Other alluvial stations, SEKER and GENC, show deamplification characteristics at 0.55 and at around 1 Hz. with the peak frequency shifts during the magnitude 5.8 aftershock. In general, site responses are larger in the alluvial basin for all aftershocks except the magnitude 5.8 event.     

新疆沙雅县新垦农场水源地工程开发方案比选分析

在水文地质测绘、勘探、现场试验和TEM地球物理勘探等工作基础上,建立三维含水结构模型,通过数值模拟方法对水源地开发规模进行比选分析。通过3个不同提水方案比选,结果表明:每年1 000×10~4m~3的地下水开采量所形成的地下水位最大降深位为9.67m,水位恢复后地下水位降深介于1～1.5m(地下水埋深3～5m),对减少蒸发、降低土壤盐渍化作用显著。长期预测模型显示:在工程实施的第三年,地下水位控制在临界深度附近并保持稳定。经方案比选后新疆沙雅县新垦农场水源地地下水开采量确定为1 000×10~4m~3/a,可以满足春灌及控制地下水位到临界深度的需要。     

True triaxial loading apparatus and its application to coal outburst prediction

Two generations of true triaxial loading (TTAL) apparatuses are presented. First generation apparatuses were intended primarily for true stress state imitation in rock or mineral specimens. Advanced second-generation installations are designed to provide precise measurements in any stress and simulation of rock outburst at sudden relief of one sample face. Both TTAL apparatuses can apply pressure up to 250 MPa corresponding to earth depth about 10,000 m independently along each of three axes. Experimental results are given on effect of absorbed water on ultimate state in coal as well as adsorbed methane influence on simulated coal outbursts.     

地形对太原市污染物稀释扩散影响的模拟试验

文中利用CAPPS模式进行了模拟试验 ,试图研究在不同环流背景下 ,太原附近簸箕型地形对该地主要污染物(SO2 ,NOx,PM10 )稀释扩散的影响。结果表明 :采用仿真模式地形 ,局地环流背景下 ,簸箕型地形阻碍了主要污染物的稀释和扩散 ,加剧近地层空气的污染 ;大尺度环流背景下 ,且地面为偏南风或偏东风时 ,簸箕型地形有助于主要污染物的稀释和扩散 ,SO2 ,NOx,PM10 浓度减小 ,地面为偏北风或偏西风且风速≥ 5m /s时 ,SO2 ,NOx 浓度减小 ,PM10 浓度剧增。此外 ,还探讨了簸箕型地形对太原市主要污染物稀释扩散作用的机制 ,采用仿真模式地形 ,大尺度环流背景时 ,簸箕型地形对垂直运动具有增幅作用 ,且地形越高 ,增幅越明显。     

Simulation of strong earthquake motion by explosions — experiments at the Lyaur testing range in Tajikistan

Strong motion data of 10 controlled explosion experiments conducted in 1977 at the Lyaur testing range in the Republic of Tajikistan are revisited. The explosions were detonated in arrays, with time delay between detonation of array lines. Ground accelerations, as large as 1.6g, were recorded at 4 sites by SMA-1 accelerographs. The records were recently digitized and processed with modern accelerogram data processing software. The amplitude and spectral characteristics of these data are here compared with those of strong earthquake shaking data and other published explosion data. The comparison of the Fourier amplitude spectra with estimates by recent empirical scaling laws for strong ground motion, in the near-field of earthquakes, suggests that such explosions can offer powerful possibilities (at present forgotten and neglected) for testing of almost full-scale structures (1/2 to 1/3 scaled models). It is suggested that by going into rather than avoiding the nonlinear zone surrounding the explosions, new testing methods can be developed to simulate near-field nonlinear strong motion of soft soils, found in most metropolitan areas in the seismically active regions.     

一类广义Radon变换及反投影

本文提出了一类广义Ｒａｄｏｎ变换及反投影公式。这种变换形式比常规Ｒａｄｏｎ变换形式具有更广泛的意义及应用。数值计算结果表明，反投影恢复性较好。     

高斯积分在地球重力场数值计算中的应用

高程异常、垂线偏差及空中扰动引力矢量是大地测量和空间技术最常用的一组重力场参数,本文在分析了以上三种参数的计算误差源以后,详细论证了计算这些参数对积分面积元的不同要求。在此基础上,本文尝试将高斯积分应用于地球重力场数值计算中,试验结果表明,这样做不仅提高了计算速度和精度,而且能够在一定程度上克服重力场元数值积分的奇异性。     

BODY DIAGONALIZATION OF CORE MATRICES IN THREE-WAY PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS:THEORETICAL BOUNDS AND SIMULATION

In contrast with conventional PCA,a direct superposition and joint interpretation of loading plots is notpossible in three-way PCA,since there may be data variance which is described by unequal componentsof different modes.The contributions to variance of all possible combinations of components aredescribed in the core matrix.Body diagonalization,which is achieved by appropriate rotation ofcomponent matrices,is an essential tool for simplifying the core matrix structure.The maximum degreeof body diagonality which may be obtained from such transformations is analysed from both themathematical and simulation viewpoints.It is shown that,at least in the average case,high degrees canbe expected,which makes the procedure reasonable for many practical applications.Furthermore,simulation as well as theoretical derivation show that the success of body diagonality depends on the so-called polarity of the core array.The methodology is illustrated by a three-way data example fromenvironmental chemistry.     

CMIP5和CMIP6模式在历史试验下对AMO和PDO的模拟评估

利用Hadley中心的观测海温资料,以及耦合模式比较计划的第五阶段和耦合模式比较计划的第六阶段历史试验的模式资料,分析和评估了2个最为重要的年代际尺度模态,北大西洋年代际振荡、太平洋年代际振荡在耦合模式比较计划的第五阶段和耦合模式比较计划的第六阶段中的模拟能力。通过对比多模式集合发现,在空间模态方面,耦合模式比较计划的第五阶段和耦合模式比较计划的第六阶段都能模拟出北大西洋年代际振荡在北大西洋地区的信号,但耦合模式比较计划的第六阶段的模拟更好,对于太平洋年代际振荡模态而言,都能模拟出在北太平洋地区的信号,而太平洋年代际振荡在热带太平洋地区的信号,耦合模式比较计划的第六阶段模拟的振幅明显更接近观测。在周期的模拟方面,耦合模式比较计划的第五阶段和耦合模式比较计划的第六阶段结果相似,都能模拟出北大西洋年代际振荡存在60~70年的周期,以及太平洋年代际振荡存在20年和60~70年的双周期。整体而言,耦合模式比较计划的第六阶段相比于耦合模式比较计划的第五阶段在空间特征模拟方面有一定进步,但是对于周期的模拟能力,没有明显进步。