近一百年中国东部区域降水的年代际跃变

采用均生函数方法对1900～1950年中国东部测站降水资料进行补插, 通过与英国Climate Research Unit (CRU) 的网格点降水资料以及王绍武等 (2000) 重建的降水资料的对比分析, 构造1900～2006年中国东部华北、 长江中下游和华南地区的月平均降水指数序列, 并用一阶矩突变扫描式t检验对这三个区域降水的多时间尺度跃变特征进行分析。结果表明, 最近一百多年来长江中下游降水发生了5次年代际尺度的跃变, 华北以及华南的降水均发生了4次年代际尺度的跃变。各区降水同时在20世纪20年代初期、 40年代中期、 60年代中期以及70年代中期发生跃变。具体而言, 20年代初期长江中下游和华南的降水发生年代际减少, 而此时华北降水年代际增加; 40年代中期, 三个地区的降水都同时增加; 60年代中期, 华北降水减少, 相反地长江中下游和华南的降水发生年代际增加; 70年代中期, 华南和华北地区的降水出现年代际减少, 而长江中下游地区的降水在80年代初发生年代际增加。研究还表明, 降水跃变发生的时间尺度范围可以为我们预测跃变发生以后降水气候平均态的持续时间提供参考。     

中国地质学的产生与发展——写在地质调查所创建100周年之际

中国的地质学非我国自有,而是在传播和引入西方近代科学文化的过程中逐渐形成的,是"西学东渐"的结果。在欧美等西方国家,至19世纪中叶,便建立并完善了近代地质学的理论和方法体系,完成了学科体制化建设,比中国至少早一个世纪。从16世纪后半叶的"西学东渐",西方近代地学传入中国进行第一次启蒙,到引进、消化、吸收和本土化,最后建立中国地质学理论和方法体系,完成学科建制,中国地质事业历经了长达三个半世纪艰辛曲折并充满坎坷的历史进程。创建于1913年的地质调查所是中国近代第一个科研机构,在章鸿钊、丁文江、翁文灏等第一代地质学家的领导下,筚路蓝缕、艰苦奋斗,在短短的二、三十年里,全面开创和奠定了中国近代地质事业,培养了一大批早期地质学家,取得了举世瞩目的成果,赢得国内外学术界的广泛赞誉。地质调查所的成功及其所取得的成就远远超出了地质学,对我国古生物学、地理学、地震学、地球物理学、土壤学、考古、古人类学、燃料和地图等诸多学科领域都产生了深远影响。     

Triton X-114存在下镉试剂分光光度法测定环境水样中的镉

及时监测环境水中的镉含量是预防和治理镉污染的前提,采用分光光度法测定镉具有简便、迅速、易普及等特点,然而较低的灵敏度限制了该方法的应用。本文通过选用表面活性剂Triton X-114为增敏剂,有效地提高了镉试剂分光光度法测定镉离子的灵敏度。研究结果表明,在KOH溶液中,Triton X-114存在下,镉试剂与镉离子生成橙红色络合物,显色物质最大吸收峰为470 nm,镉离子含量在0~10 μg/25 mL范围内符合比尔定律,表观摩尔吸光系数达到1.25×10⁵ L/(mol·cm),检测限低至5.0 μg/L。与Triton X-100以及其他表面活性剂相比,Triton X-114的应用能显著提高镉试剂光度法测定镉的吸光度,表观摩尔吸光系数最高可增加49%,检测限也能够降低近50%,并且分析方法简便迅速,易普及,可应用于环境水以及工业废水中微量或痕量镉的直接测定。     

悬浮进样-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法直接测定化妆品中的铅

化妆品样品中金属元素的分析一直存在着样品消解过程繁琐、易爆沸等问题,前处理过程不易控制,试剂消耗大,同时也易带入铅的空白污染;且现有化妆品中铅的含量远远低于国家标准规定的限量要求(＜40 mg/kg),火焰原子吸收光谱法无法准确检测.本文建立了悬浮进样-石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪直接测定化妆品中铅的方法.样品无需消解,采用0.2％硝酸和0.1％曲拉通X-100对样品进行悬浮后直接导入石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪进行测定.在石墨炉灰化过程中不使用常规的高纯氩气,而是使用具有氧化能力的干燥压缩空气,消除了单次分析超过50个样品时产生的碳残留,保证长期分析的稳定性;采用硝酸钯作为基体改进剂,钯能与铅形成铅钯金属互化物,非常稳定,显著提高了原子化温度;采用标准加入法消除基体干扰,保证分析数据的准确性.方法检出限为0.003 mg/kg,加标回收率为91.6％～106.8％,精密度为1.5％～2.1％(n=6).该方法应用于分析国家标准物质GBW (E) 090028(霜铅)和GBW(E)090027(粉铅),铅的测定值与标准值吻合;与国家标准方法的测定结果进行比较,无显著性差异.本方法的检出限低,可以满足化妆品中痕量铅的检测需求.     

Prebiotic organic synthesis in early Earth and Mars atmospheres: Laboratory experiments with quantitative determination of products formed in a cold plasma flow reactor

The goal of this study was to explore prebiotic chemistry in a range of plausible early Earth and Mars atmospheres. To achieve this laboratory continuous flow plasma irradiation experiments were performed on N₂/H₂/CO/CO₂ gas mixtures chosen to represent mildly reducing early Earth and Mars atmospheres derived from a secondary volcanic outgassing of volatiles in chemical equilibrium with magmas near present day oxidation state. Under mildly reducing conditions (91.79% N₂, 5.89% H₂, 2.21% CO, and 0.11% CO₂), simple nitriles are produced in the gas phase with yield (G in molecules per 100 eV), for the key prebiotic marker molecule HCN at G∼1×¹⁰⁻³ (0.1 nmol J⁻¹). In this atmosphere localized HCN concentrations possibly could approach the 10⁻² M needed for HCN oligomerization. Yields under mildly oxidizing conditions (45.5% N₂, 0.1% H₂, 27.2% CO, 27.2% CO₂) are significantly less as expected, with HCN at G∼3×¹⁰⁻⁵ (). Yields in a Triton atmosphere which can be plausibly extrapolated to represent what might be produced in trace CH₄ conditions (99.9% N₂, 0.1% CH₄) are significant with HCN at G∼1×¹⁰⁻² (1 nmol J⁻¹) and tholins produced. Recently higher methane abundance atmospheres have been examined for their greenhouse warming potential, and higher abundance hydrogen atmospheres have been proposed based on a low early Earth exosphere temperature. A reducing (64.04% N₂, 28.8% H₂, 3.60% CO₂, and 3.56% CH₄), representing a high CH₄ and H₂ abundance early Earth atmosphere had HCN yields of G∼5×¹⁰⁻³ (0.5 nmol J⁻¹). Tholins generated in high methane hydrogen gas mixtures is much less than in a similar mixture without hydrogen. The same mixture with the oxidizing component CO₂ removed (66.43% N₂, 29.88% H₂, 0% CO₂, and 3.69% CH₄) had HCN yields of G∼1×¹⁰⁻³ (0.1 nmol J⁻¹) but more significant tholin yields.     

黄、东海悬浮细颗粒物浓度和粒径分布变化研究

分析了2006年6月和2007年1月用LISST-100对黄、东海悬浮物的观测数据,研究了黄、东海的悬浮物粒径和体积浓度分布情况,并从动力学角度对其进行解释。总体而言,黄、东海悬浮细颗粒物的体积浓度分布为近岸高、远岸低;上层悬浮物的沉降和底层沉积物的再悬浮,使近底层的悬浮物浓度比上层高。冬季由于大风的影响,悬浮物浓度比...     

Study of microflares through soxs mission

We present a study of 10 microflares observed in 4–30 keV by SOXS mission simultaneously with Hα observations made at NAOJ, Japan during the interval between February and August 2004. The X-ray and Hα light curves showed that the lifetime of microflares varies between 4 and 25 min. We found that the X-ray emission in all microflares under study in the dynamic energy range of 4–30 keV can be fitted by thermal plus non-thermal components. The thermal spectrum appeared to start from almost 4 keV, low level discriminator (LLD) of both Si and CZT detectors, however it ends below 8 keV. We also observed the Fe line complex features at 6.7 keV in some microflares and attempted to fit this line by isothermal temperature assumption. The temperature of isothermal plasma of microflares varies in the range between 8.6 and 10.1 MK while emission measure between 0.5 and 2x10⁴9 cm^-3. Non-thermal (NT) emission appeared in the energy range 7–15 keV with exponent -6.8 ≤γ≤-4.8. Our study of microflares that had occurred on 25 February 2004 showed that sometimes a given active region produces recurrent microflare activity of a similar nature. We concluded from X-ray and simultaneous Hα observations that the microflares are perhaps the result of the interaction of low lying loops. It appears that the electrons that accelerated during reconnection heat the ambient coronal plasma as well as interact with material while moving down along the loops and thereby produce Hα bright kernels.     

Possible effects of secular resonances in Phobos and Triton

Due to the tides, the orbits of Phobos and Triton are contracting. While their semi major axes are decreasing, several possibilities of secular resonances involving node, argument of the pericenter and mean motion of the Sun will take place. In the case of Mars, if the obliquity (ε), during the passage through some resonances, is not so small, very significant variations of the inclination will appear. In one case, capture is almost certain provided that ε?20°. For Triton there are also similar situations, but capture seems to be not possible, mainly because in S₁ state, Triton's orbit is sufficiently inclined (far) with respect to the Neptune's equator. Following Chyba et al. (Astron. Astrophys. 219 (1989) 123), a simplified equation that gives the evolution of the inclination versus the semi major axis, is derived. The time needed for Triton crash onto Neptune is longer than that one obtained by these authors, but the main difference is due to the new data used here. In general, even in the case of non-capture passages, some significant jumps in inclination and in eccentricities are possible.     

Frequency analysis for predicting 1% annual maximum water levels along Florida coast,US

In the Coastal Flood Insurance Study by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, 2005), 1% annual maximum coastal water levels are used in coastal flood hazard mitigation and engineering design in coastal areas of USA. In this study, a frequency analysis method has been developed to provide more accurate predictions of 1% annual maximum water levels for the Florida coast waters. Using 82 and 94 years of annual maximum water level data at Pensacola and Fernandina, performances of traditional frequency analysis methods, including advanced method of Generalized Extreme Value distribution method, have been evaluated. Comparison with observations of annual maximum water levels with 83 and 95 years of return periods indicate that traditional methods are unable to provide satisfactory predictions of 1% annual maximum water levels to account for hurricane‐induced extreme water levels. Based on the characteristics of annual maximum water level distribution of Pensacola and Fernandina stations, a new probability distribution method has been developed in this study. Comparison with observations indicates that the method presented in this study significantly improves the accuracy of predictions of 1% annual maximum water levels. For Fernandina station, predictions of extreme water level match well with the general trend of observations. With a correlation coefficient of 0·98, the error for the maximum observed extreme water level of 3·11 m (National Geodetic Vertical Datum) with 95 years of return period is 0·92%. For Pensacola station, the prediction error for the maximum observed extreme water level with a return period of 83 years is 5·5%, with a correlation value of 0·98. The frequency analysis has also been reasonably compared to the more costly Monte Carlo simulation method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

TCM-3型硐体测温仪的设计及误差分析

TCM-3型测温仪采用Pt100铂电阻作为温度传感元件,结合铂电阻稳定性和重复性好、线性度高的特点及实际应用环境的限制,通过后续电路的设计使TCM-3型测温仪达到了要求的测量精度,并从理论上进行误差分析,检验了其测量精度的可靠性.