Orbital resonances in the inner neptunian system: II. Resonant history of Proteus, Larissa, Galatea, and Despina

We investigate the orbital history of the small neptunian satellites discovered by Voyager 2. Over the age of the Solar System, tidal forces have caused the satellites to migrate radially, bringing them through mean-motion resonances with one another. In this paper, we extend our study of the largest satellites Proteus and Larissa [Zhang, K., Hamilton, D.P., 2007. Icarus 188, 386-399] by adding in mid-sized Galatea and Despina. We test the hypothesis that these moons all formed with zero inclinations, and that orbital resonances excited their tilts during tidal migration. We find that the current orbital inclinations of Proteus, Galatea, and Despina are consistent with resonant excitation if they have a common density . Larissa's inclination, however, is too large to have been caused by resonant kicks between these four satellites; we suggest that a prior resonant capture event involving either Naiad or Thalassa is responsible. Our solution requires at least three past resonances with Proteus, which helps constrain the tidal migration timescale and thus Neptune's tidal quality factor: 9000<QN<36,000. We also improve our determination of Qs for Proteus and Larissa, finding 36<QP<700 and 18<QL<200. Finally, we derive a more general resonant capture condition, and work out a resonant overlap criterion relevant to satellite orbital evolution around an oblate primary.     

The 100-kyr ice-age cycle: internal oscillation or inclinational forcing?

The ice-age hypothesis of Muller and MacDonald (1995, 1997a, 1997b) has two parts: (a) The 100-kyr cycle does not owe its existence to Milankovitch forcing; and (b) variations in inclination of Earth's orbit (i.e., the orbit's angle with the solar system invariable plane) provide the mechanism sought. In support of the first proposition, Muller and MacDonald point to the paradox that the spectrum of oxygen isotope series from deep-sea sediments contains no power for two prominent eccentricity cycles, 125 and 400 kyr. In support of the second proposition, they offer a match between the SPECMAP record (Imbrie et al. 1984) and a plot of the amplitude of orbital inclination, shifted by 33 kyr. The hypothesis of Muller and MacDonald is rejected in both parts, although an influence of inclination forcing is not precluded entirely. The paradox of the missing eccentricity cycles (125 and 400 kyr) is explained by suppression of the two longer cycles, and enhancement of the one near 96 kyr, as a result of internal oscillation. A Muller–MacDonald machine for making the 100-kyr ice-age cycles, however conceived, would have to have a memory near 30 kyr to provide for phase shift between input and output. Precisely this amount of memory is sufficient to produce the needed oscillation in Milankovitch machine here applied; thus, there is no advantage, from the point of view of either necessity or simplicity, in replacing Milankovitch forcing, with its precise phasing (despite the fuzzy physics), with inclination forcing, and with its severe problems in phasing (and, thus far, no physics at all). Received: 10 June 1998 / Accepted: 2 February 1999     

利用ADCP和LISST-100仪观测悬浮物浓度的研究

利用黄河口海床基声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)的周日观测资料对悬浮物浓度进行了反演,反演过程中综合考虑了球面扩散、声学近场的非球面扩散、海水和悬浮颗粒的吸收衰减以及其他因素对回声信号的影响,结果表明在粒径保持相对稳定的情况下,利用ADCP仪回声强度反演悬浮物浓度具有较高的精度.结合现场激光粒度仪(LISST-100)测得的粒径分布信息在反演过程中考虑了粒径修正,重点讨论了观测区域粒径变化对结果的影响,结果表明粒径的剧烈变化会降低体积后向散射强度与悬浮物浓度之间的相关性.大颗粒物质的存在使计算得到的悬浮物浓度偏高,粒径修正虽然在一定程度上消除了这种影响,但线性拟合的相关性并未提高.     

GBPP-100地面雨滴谱仪外场实用可行性研究

利用１９９３年４—６月共４次南京降雨过程中取到的ＧＢＰＰ－１００资料与滤纸斑点法所取资料，通过对应资料的雨滴谱基本参量的计算分析，研究ＧＢＰＰ－１００用于外场观测的可行性。结果表明：在瞬时雨强度变化缓慢且雨强小于１６０ｍｍ·ｈ－１的阵性降水和非阵性降水过程中，ＧＢＰＰ－１００完全可代替滤纸斑点法用于外场观测，对雨强变化迅速阵性降水ＧＢＰＰ－１００与滤纸斑点法取样结果差异较大，其原因还有待进一步研究。     

MD-100型全液压锚固工程钻机新型夹持器的研制

介绍了MD-100型全液压锚固工程钻机夹持器的方案设计、结构设计、应用情况。并采用ANSYS软件对其受力复杂的零件——连杆进行了应力计算。     

ADS100数字航摄系统的安装与调试

ADS100数字航空摄影测量系统是目前最新一代的数字航空摄影测量系统,具有航摄效率高、数据信息量丰富、系统性能稳定、内部集成高精度IMU系统等一系列优势。该系统设计精密、构造复杂,其安装和调试是确保航摄顺利进行的前提条件和基本保障。本文结合大量的航摄生产经验,总结出ADS100航摄系统安装和调试的方法和注意事项,具有较强的参考价值。     

基于PixelGrid及ADS100新型航摄仪的1∶2000DOM生产

数字正射影像图大规模的制作与应用是基础测绘发展的基本要求,现已为数字城市、不动产登记基础数据建设等提供有力的信息支持和保障。随着航空遥感技术的快速发展,推扫式影像的应用因其优势而发展迅猛,ADS100推扫式大幅面影像数据的生产,减少了人工干预,降低了工作量,提高了生产效率。本文结合湖南省不动产统一登记基础数据建设项目,总结了ADS100推扫式影像正射影像图的生产工艺及质量控制。该方法已经在生产实践中得到了验证,既能够保证产品精度又能够提高生产效率,对推动不动产统一登记基础数据建设具有一定的借鉴意义。     

On convection in ice I shells of outer Solar System bodies, with detailed application to Callisto

It has been argued that the dominant non-Newtonian creep mechanisms of water ice make the ice shell above Callisto's ocean, and by inference all radiogenically heated ice I shells in the outer Solar System, stable against solid-state convective overturn. Conductive heat transport and internal melting (oceans) are therefore predicted to be, or have been, widespread among midsize and larger icy satellites and Kuiper Belt objects. Alternatively, at low stresses (where non-Newtonian viscosities can be arbitrarily large), convective instabilities may arise in the diffusional creep regime for arbitrarily small temperature perturbations. For Callisto, ice viscosities are low enough that convection is expected over most of geologic time above the internal liquid layer for plausible ice grain sizes (?a few mm); the alternative for early Callisto, a conducting shell over a very deep ocean (>450 km), is not compatible with Callisto's present partially differentiated state. Moreover, if convection is occurring today, the stagnant lid would be quite thick (∼100 km) and compatible with the lack of active geology. Nevertheless, Callisto's steady-state heat flow may have fallen below the convective minimum for its ice I shell late in Solar System history. In this case convection ends, the ice shell melts back at its base, and the internal ocean widens considerably. The presence of such an ocean, of order 200 km thick, is compatible with Callisto's moment-of-inertia, but its formation would have caused an ∼0.25% radial expansion. The tectonic effects of such a late, slow expansion are not observed, so convection likely persists in Callisto, possibly subcritically. Ganymede, due to its greater size, rock fraction and full differentiation, has a substantially higher heat flow than Callisto and has not reached this tectonic end state. Titan, if differentiated, and Triton should be more similar to Ganymede in this regard. Pluto, like Callisto, may be near the tipping point for convective shutdown, but uncertainties in its size and rock fraction prevent a more definitive assessment.     

100Ma来海水的锶同位素组成演化及主要控制因素

讨论了100 Ma以来海水锶同位素比值的变化趋势及控制因素。100~40 Ma期间,海水锶同位素比值有多次升降,总体上变化幅度较小;40 Ma以来,海水锶同位素比值显著增加,并呈现出单调上升的总体特征。100 Ma以来海水锶同位素的变化主要可能与星外物体对地球的撞击作用;全球海平面变化及洋中脊扩张速度的改变;喜马拉雅—青藏高原的隆升;玄武岩喷发和冰川作用因素有关。在各种因素中,喜马拉雅—青藏高原的隆升对40 Ma以来海水锶同位素演化具有最重要的控制作用。喜马拉雅—青藏高原的隆升可能始于40 Ma左右,隆升速度最快的时期在20~15 Ma。     

Near-infrared spectroscopy of the circumnuclear star formation regions in M100: evidence for sequential triggering

We present low-resolution ( R ∼450) K -band spectroscopy for 16 of the 43 circumnuclear star-forming knots in M100 identified by Ryder & Knapen. We compare our measurements of equivalent widths for the Br γ emission line and CO 2.29-μm absorption band in each knot with the predictions of starburst models from the literature, and derive ages and burst parameters for the knots. The majority of these knots are best explained by the result of short, localized bursts of star formation between 8 and 10 Myr ago. By examining both radial and azimuthal trends in the age distribution, we present a case for sequential triggering of star formation, most likely resulting from the action of a large-scale shock. In an appendix, we draw attention to the fact that the growth in the CO spectroscopic index with decreasing temperature in supergiant stars is not as regular as is commonly assumed.