沉积环境对雅浦海沟沉积颗粒物组成和分布的影响

通过对西太平洋雅浦海沟不同水深沉积物中总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、碳稳定同位素（δ13C）、粒度组成和比表面积（SSA）等参数的分析,探讨了雅浦海沟不同水深沉积颗粒物来源、分布及其影响因素的异同。结果表明,雅浦海沟沉积物TOC含量和δ13C平均值分别为（0.34%±0.14%）和（-20.8‰±0.7‰）,其中海洋浮游植物、陆源土壤和维管植物来源有机碳（OC）的贡献分别为（70%±3%）、（22%±3%）和（8%±2%）,且不同水深差异不大,海沟内沉积物的横向输运可能是深部沉积OC的重要输入途径。由于水深更深站位沉积颗粒物中具有更强的微生物活动和在水柱中更长的保留时间,导致其TOC和TN含量较低,但δ13C无明显差异。水深较浅站位TN含量、SSA、粒径组成和中值粒径等参数垂向变化波动较更深站位更为显著,表明海沟沟壁水深较浅处物源输入和沉积环境的不稳定。同时,由于低OC含量、低SSA以及高密度的海底火山喷出岩在海沟水深较浅的沟壁坡折处的广泛分布,导致该区域粒径组成与TOC含量无显著相关性,而较深站位中TOC含量与粉砂呈正相关,与砂和黏土含量呈负相关。整体而言,雅浦海沟沉积物中粉砂粒级颗粒物是OC的主要载体,而SSA是影响海沟沉积OC剖面分布的最重要因素。     

雅浦海沟深海沉积物可培养真菌多样性及其反硝化能力研究

自雅浦海沟4个站位的12个沉积物样品中分离得到38株真菌菌株,基于形态观察和ITS序列信息对所得菌株进行分类鉴定,发现它们分别属于青霉属(Penicillium,17株)、曲霉属(Aspergillus,7株)、篮状菌属(Talaromyces,1株)、枝孢属(Cladosporium,6株)、赭霉属(Ochroconis,1株)、Meyerozyma属(1株)、梅拉菌属(Meira,1株)、Cystobasidium属(2株)、Wallemia属(1株)和红酵母属(Rhodotorula,1株)等10个属.其中青霉属、曲霉属和枝孢属菌株为优势菌株,分别占分离菌株总数的44.7%、18.4%和15.8%;而Wallemia属(节担菌纲)菌株是首次从深海环境中分离到.利用PCR技术在分离的深海真菌菌株中检测nir K和P450nor两种反硝化关键酶基因,结果显示nir K基因可在黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、杂色曲霉(Aspergillus versicolor)、枝孢菌(Cladosporium sp.)、枝状枝孢(Cladosporium cladosporioides)和产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum)等6种真菌菌株中检测到,而P450nor基因仅在黄曲霉菌株中检测到.同时还通过富集培养方法从上述沉积物样品中分离获得两株反硝化枝孢菌.结果表明,雅浦海沟深海沉积物环境中存在着丰富的真菌资源,它们在深海环境氮循环中起着一定作用,这将增强人们对深海环境可培养真菌多样性及其生态作用的认识.     

Turbidites deposited on Southern Central Chilean seamounts: Evidence for energetic turbidity currents

Gravity cores obtained from isolated seamounts located within, and rising up to 300 m from the sediment-filled Peru–Chile Trench off Southern Central Chile (36°S–39°S) contain numerous turbidite layers which are much coarser than the hemipelagic background sedimentation. The mineralogical composition of some of the beds indicates a mixed origin from various source terrains while the faunal assemblage of benthic foraminifera in one of the turbidite layers shows a mixed origin from upper shelfal to middle-lower bathyal depths which could indicate a multi-source origin and therefore indicate an earthquake triggering of the causing turbidity currents. The bathymetric setting and the grain size distribution of the sampled layers, together with swath echosounder and sediment echosounder data which monitor the distribution of turbidites on the elevated Nazca Plate allow some estimates on the flow direction, flow velocity and height of the causing turbidity currents. We discuss two alternative models of deposition, both of which imply high (175–450 m) turbidity currents and we suggest a channelized transport process as the general mode of turbidite deposition. Whether these turbidites are suspension fallout products of thick turbiditic flows or bedload deposits from sheet-like turbidity currents overwhelming elevated structures cannot be decided upon using our sedimentological data, but the specific morphology of the seamounts rather argues for the first option. Oxygen isotope stratigraphy of one of the cores indicates that the turbiditic sequences were deposited during the last Glacial period and during the following transition period and turbiditic deposition stopped during the Holocene. This climatic coupling seems to be dominant, while the occurrence of megathrust earthquakes provides a trigger mechanism. This seismic triggering takes effect only during times of very high sediment supply to the shelf and slope.     

Glimpses of oceanic lithosphere of the Challenger Deep forearc segment in the southernmost Marianas: The 143°E transect, 5800–4200 m

We studied nine samples of igneous rocks from the inner wall of the Mariana Trench above the Challenger Deep from 4150 to 6100 m depth recovered by manned submersible and ROV. Samples from two regions that bracket the Moho were studied: (i) 7 samples from a N‐S transect a few km to the west of the Shinkai Seep Field; and (ii) 2 samples from the Shinkai Seep Field. Transect samples include olivine‐2 pyroxene hornblendites, amphibole basalts, basaltic andesite, and hornblende andesite. We analyzed three transect samples for ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages; two yielded good plateau ages of 46.5 ±0.5 Ma (hornblendite) and 46.60 ±0.15 Ma (hornblende andesite). These results combined with previously published results, indicate that this crust formed during an intense 46–47 Ma magmatic episode that occurred 5–6 my after subduction initiation. Hornblendites and hornblende basalts formed from primitive magmas, as shown by high MgO (11–21 wt%), Ni (222–885 ppm) and Cr (412–1145 ppm) contents. Electron microprobe analyses indicate that hornblende is Na‐rich (up to 3.0 wt% Na₂O) and that many samples have an atypically large range in plagioclase composition (i.e. individual samples have An < 10 to An 90 plagioclase). Two subgroups can be identified: a mostly deeper depleted suite and a mostly shallower enriched suite. These results indicate that (i) the crust–mantle boundary in this region is transitional, occurring over a ~ 1.5 km interval, with interlayered peridotite and hornblendites between 5800 and 4300 m; and (b) extension to form the Challenger Deep forearc segment occurred by combined stretching of old crust and injection of young basaltic magmas. In contrast to the mostly fresh nature of transect samples, the two samples from the Shinaki Seep Field are intensely altered peridotite and basalt.     

磁县—大名断裂带西段晚更新世以来活动性研究

1830年河北磁县M7^1/2地震发生于磁县—大名断裂带西段, 该断裂地震破裂和活动性的研究受到地震研究者关注。前人研究着眼于1830年磁县大地震的地表破裂, 本文的研究重点是磁县—大名断裂带西段晚更新世以来的断层活动性。应用卫片、 航片解译和野外地震地质调查等方法开展研究, 重要地点进行探槽开挖或野外地质剖面剥落以及采样测年, 确定了断层各段落破裂事件的发生年代。该断裂西段分为3个断层段落: F₂为磁县—峰峰段落, F₃为东田井村—陶泉乡段落, F₄为韩家沟村—甘泉村段落。F₂断层段大部分隐伏, 为早中更新世断层。F₃断层段东端在东田井村南断错距今22 ka地层, 为晚更新世活动断层; F₃断层段在鼓山南山村一带为全新世断层, 从张家楼村到陶泉乡为推测全新世活动断层。F₄断层段为全新世断层。F₄断层段全部位于基岩山区, 可见多处基岩断面、 地震沟槽及断层眉脊等断层破裂; 一些破裂面发育地衣丽石黄衣[Xanthoria elegans (Link.) Th. Fr.], 使用地衣测年方法确定这些破裂面为1830年磁县大地震地表地震遗迹。磁县—大名断裂带终止于F₄西端。综合分析断裂带各个分段的破裂事件, 得到磁县—大名断裂带西段活动事件时空分布, 估计磁县—大名断裂带西段的晚更新世地震复发周期在6000年左右。     

云南中甸-大具断裂马家村-大具段古地震初步研究

中甸-大具断裂马家村-大具段位于哈巴雪山北麓及玉龙雪山以北的大具盆地内,总体走向310°～320°,根据卫星影像解译和详细的野外地质地貌调查,认为中甸-大具断裂马家村-大具段自第四纪以来长期活动,横跨断裂的水系右旋位错量可分为8.5～12m、22m左右、47m左右、200～280m、500～510m和1000m左右6个等级。在大具盆地内发现了长约600m的地震地表破裂带,这是该断层段在全新世活动的直接地质证据,在破裂带南东端附近开挖的探槽揭示出自晚更新世以来断裂存在三期活动,可能对应3次地震事件,结合前人在该断裂段获得的地质剖面和断错地貌面测年结果,分析认为马家村-大具段自晚更新世以来至少发生了3次古地震事件,发生时间分别为4910～45 a BP、7000 a BP左右和32.93～19.96ka BP,利用垂直同震位移值估算了水平同震位移量,最终得出每次地震事件的震级为7.5级左右。     

雅浦海沟南部超深渊沉积物成分与形貌

对雅浦海沟南部超深渊D151站位(137^°37^''45^″E,8^°2^''23^″N)柱状沉积物的含水率、总有机碳(TOC)和多种金属元素含量、粒径以及表面形貌进行分析,结果表明该沉积物含水率为55%~72%,和马里亚纳海沟^“挑战者^”深渊沉积物的较为接近,高于冲绳海槽北部沉积物的;且随深度增加而减小,这可能与上覆沉积物的挤压作用有关。沉积物TOC质量分数和^“挑战者^”深渊以及渤海湾的接近,低于冲绳海槽北部和雅浦海沟北部的;TOC质量分数随沉积深度增加而减小,这可能与有机物的降解有关。沉积物样品中的Cd,Co,Cu,Mn,Ni,Zn等元素主要受岩石剥蚀的影响,Al,B,Ca,Fe,Mg,V等元素主要受陆源物质影响。沉积物中发现的火山玻璃碎片对应火山事件;Ba,Cd,Co,Cu,Mn,Ni,Sb,Sr,V,Zn的质量分数在16~18 cm 沉积层出现最大值,可能与火山活动有关。D151站位沉积环境为氧化环境,沉积物的主要来源为陆源和火山源,包括粉砂和砂质粉砂,粒度接近于冲绳海槽北部的,高于^“挑战者^”深渊的;沉积方式以均匀悬浮为主。沉积物C-M 图的数据点分布较为分散,可能与雅浦海沟西侧较为陡峭有关。由于位于碳酸盐补偿深度(CCD)以下,沉积物中的微体古生物化石以硅质为主,未发现钙质生物。故该站位沉积物的水动力环境在地质历史中整体较为稳定。     

西太平洋新不列颠海沟表层沉积物的地球化学特征及其物源指示

海沟通常拥有全球最深的区域--深渊,由于地理位置、地形地貌和气候等差异,海沟沉积物可能有不同的物质来源。因此,为进一步了解海沟深渊区的物质组成与来源,选取近陆的新不列颠海沟作为研究对象,通过分析其海底表层沉积物的地球化学特征,追踪新不列颠海沟不同水深与区域的沉积物来源。研究发现不论位于半深海、深海,乃至深渊区域,新不列颠"八字型"海沟的表层沉积物主要来自于周边岛屿的火山物质,但"八字型"海沟的西支和东支有差异,西支主要为新不列颠岛东部Rabaul火山和北部火山群及所罗门群岛的火山物质,其中在西支的最北站位新不列颠岛北部火山物质的比例最高。与西支相比,东支还受到了更多来源于TLTF(Tabar、Lihir、Tanga和Feni火山)火山链物质的影响,海沟东西支物源的差异与该地区复杂的洋流密切相关。此外,西支海沟轴部(最底端)站位更多来源于岛屿河流沉积物,受火山物质影响相对较小。     

Modeling touchdown point oscillation and its relationship with fatigue response of steel catenary risers

The riser-seabed interaction resulting in a trench formed in the touchdown zone (TDZ) of steel catenary risers (SCR) has a significant influence on accumulated fatigue damage. Several studies have used different trench modeling approaches to investigate the trench effect on fatigue. However, contradictory observations have been reported with no coherent agreement on the beneficial or detrimental effect of the trench on fatigue. In this study, the significance of trench geometry in fatigue damage evaluation was investigated. Using analytical and numerical approaches, a meaningful relationship was observed between the trench slope in different zones and the peak fatigue damage. A new set of rules was proposed for the qualitative assessment of the overall trend of trench effect on the variation of fatigue damage. The proposed assessment rules were validated by performing comprehensive numerical fatigue analysis. A comparison with samples of published experimental and numerical studies was also completed. It was observed that depending on the direction of the low-frequency vessel excursions, the peak fatigue damage may increase towards the near offsets and decrease towards the far vessel offset. This implied that the case dependency of the trench effect on fatigue response in different geographical locations with various environmental loads was a potential source for the contradictory results reported in previously published studies.     

罗山东麓断裂全新世古地震研究

罗山东麓断裂全新世活动强烈,古地震现象丰富。探槽揭露出晚更新世末或全新世初以来,已发生过5次7级左右的古地震事件,除最早的一次时间不明外,其它4次分别发生在距今约8400年、5400—5020年、3900年和2260年。全新世早期古地震重复间隔在3000年左右,晚期为1500年左右。