Reconstruction of the long-term fire history of an old-growth deciduous forest in Southern Québec, Canada, from charred wood in mineral soils

Charcoal particles are widespread in terrestrial and lake environments of the northern temperate and boreal biomes where they are used to reconstruct past fire events and regimes. In this study, we used botanically identified and radiocarbon-dated charcoal macrofossils in mineral soils as a paleoecological tool to reconstruct past fire activity at the stand scale. Charcoal macrofossils buried in podzolic soils by tree uprooting were analyzed to reconstruct the long-term fire history of an old-growth deciduous forest in southern Québec. Charcoal fragments were sampled from the uppermost mineral soil horizons and identified based on anatomical characters. Spruce (Picea spp.) fragments dominated the charcoal assemblage, along with relatively abundant wood fragments of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and birch (Betula spp.), and rare fragments of pine (Pinus cf. strobus) and white cedar (Thuja canadensis). AMS radiocarbon dates from 16 charcoal fragments indicated that forest fires were widespread during the early Holocene, whereas no fires were recorded from the mid-Holocene to present. The paucity of charcoal data during this period, however, does not preclude that a fire event of lower severity may have occurred. At least eight forest fires occurred at the study site between 10,400 and 6300 cal yr B.P., with a dominance of burned conifer trees between 10,400 and 9000 cal yr B.P. and burned conifer and deciduous trees between 9000 and 6300 cal yr B.P. Based on the charcoal record, the climate at the study site was relatively dry during the early Holocene, and more humid from 6300 cal yr B.P. to present. However, it is also possible that the predominance of conifer trees in the charcoal record between 10,400 and 6300 cal yr B.P. created propitious conditions for fire spreading. The charcoal record supports inferences based on pollen influx data (Labelle, C., Richard, P.J.H. 1981. Végétation tardiglaciaire et postglaciaire au sud-est du Parc des Laurentides, Québec. Géographie Physique et Quaternaire 35, 345-359) of the early arrival of spruce and sugar maple in the study area shortly after deglaciation. We conclude that macroscopic charcoal analysis of mineral soils subjected to disturbance by tree uprooting may be a useful paleoecological tool to reconstruct long-term forest fire history at the stand scale.     

西昆仑瓦卡地区的地质构造概况

位于西昆仑山腹地的瓦卡、班迪尔两幅1：5万区调填图内的地质构造特征是西昆仑造山带的一个缩影，特别是前震旦系变质地层和下拉夫迭组的系统研究和时代、层系的重新厘定，为该区构造系统的建立和构造单元的重新划分奠定了坚实的基础；从新的资料出发对康西瓦一西昆中断裂的性质、延伸及形成时代提出了新的看法，这些认识会对西昆仑造山带的进一步研究提供新的参考资料。     

A multiproxy environmental investigation of Holocene wood from a submerged conifer forest in Lake Huron, USA

Remains of a Holocene drowned forest in southern Lake Huron discovered in 12.5 m of water (164 m above sea level), 4.5 km east of Lexington, Michigan USA (Sanilac site), provided wood to investigate environment and lake history using several proxies. Macrofossil evidence indicates a forest comprised primarily of conifers equivalent to the modern “rich conifer swamp” community, despite generally low regional abundance of these species in pollen records. Ages range from 7095 ± 50 to 6420 ± 70 ¹⁴C yr BP, but the clustering of stump dates and the development of 2 floating tree-ring chronologies suggest a briefer forest interval of no more than c. 400 years. Dendrochronological analysis indicates an environment with high inter-annual climate variability. Stable-carbon isotope composition falls within the range of modern trees from this region, but the stable-oxygen composition is consistent with warmer conditions than today. Both our tree-ring and isotope data provide support for a warmer environment in this region, consistent with a mid-Holocene thermal maximum. This drowned forest also provides a dated elevation in the Nipissing transgression at about 6420 ¹⁴C yr BP (7350 cal yr BP) in the southern Lake Huron basin, a few hundred years before reopening of the St. Clair River drainage.     

利用树轮宽度重建准噶尔盆地西南缘降水日数

利用新疆北部准噶尔盆地西南缘阿拉套山南坡4个采样点的雪岭云杉树木年轮宽度资料,建立了树轮宽度年表。树轮宽度指数与气候要素的相关分析结果表明:该区域的树轮径向生长主要受水分条件限制,与当年生长季及其前期的降水量和降水日数呈显著正相关,与温度呈负相关。其中小青稞与哈拉吐鲁克苏河两个点组成的树轮宽度年表(HXC)与阿拉山口气象站2-8月降水日数的相关系数达到了0.724。采用线性回归方法建立了树轮宽度指数与降水日数之间的回归方程,方差解释量为52.4%,交叉检验表明转换方程稳定可信。由于采样点坡度大、土层薄、土壤蓄水能力弱,树轮宽度与降水日数的相关系数高于降水。1685-2008年重建降水日数序列与区域干旱灾害文献记录的14次旱灾对比发现,树轮资料重建降水日数序列较好地捕捉了区域极端干旱事件。本文的序列与天山北坡山区和天山南坡阿克苏河流域降水序列的干湿阶段是对应的,特别是与天山山区降水序列的干湿阶段(特别是干旱阶段)更为一致。     

树轮氢、氧同位素研究进展

总结了树轮氢氧同位素的分馏原理及其时间序列和空间变化与气候变迁之间的关系。研究表明,树轮氢氧同位素组成的变异反映了源水同位素组成、温度、相对湿度和降水量的变化。同时,对今后树轮同位素的发展方向作了展望。     

基于特征谱带的高光谱遥感矿物谱系识别

文中初步提出并建立矿物识别谱系的分层识别技术以及部分离子、矿物的光谱识别规则。矿物光谱包含一系列特征吸收谱带。这些特征谱带在不同的矿物中具有较稳定的波长位置和较稳定的独特波形 ,能够指示离子类矿物、矿物的存在 ,是利用高光谱进行矿物识别的基础。文中分析了部分在自然界广泛存在的一些阴阳离子 (如CO2 -3 ,Fe2 + ,Fe3 + ,Al3 + ,Mn2 + ,Al—OH和Mg—OH等 )的可识别特征光谱 ,总结部分离子类矿物或矿物识别规则 ,并以美国Cuprite地区的AVIRIS数据进行矿物识别试验 ,利用矿物谱系识别技术从离子类矿物到单矿物再到更精细类矿物逐层开展识别 ,取得了较好的效果 ,初步实现利用宏观的手段 (遥感技术 )进行微观 (矿物 )的探测。     

全球变化背景下天山西部雪岭云杉径向生长和水分利用效率对气候要素的响应

全球气候变暖和大气CO2浓度(Ca)急剧上升已成为不争的事实,并对森林生态系统有着深远的影响,全面理解森林生态系统对全球变化的响应至关重要。中亚干旱区特有树种雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey)树轮稳定碳同位素(δ13C)和水分利用效率(iWUE)对气候变暖和大气CO2浓度急剧上升的响应缺乏研究。本研究利用天山西部伊犁河流域的雪岭云杉树轮样本,使用树木年代学方法和树轮稳定碳同位素技术,建立树轮宽度年表、稳定碳同位素(δ13C)以及内禀水分利用效率(iWUE)序列,分析了树轮δ13C和iWUE的长期变化特征,探讨了树轮δ13C和iWUE对气候的响应规律以及iWUE与树轮宽度的关系。结果表明,主要的气候因子并没有强烈地限制树木径向生长;夏季平均气温对树轮δ13C分馏有重要影响,iWUE的长期变化受到全球Ca增加和升温趋势影响,但直接影响iWUE年际变化的主要因素是饱和水汽压亏缺(VPD)。全球升温和Ca增加导致了iWUE的持续升高,但并没有导致雪岭云杉树木径向生长的明显增加。     

长时序Landsat的北极Lena河DOC浓度变化及驱动力分析

北极Lena河是世界第十长河,也是北极地区第二大河,其年径流量约占北冰洋淡水总量的20％,同时将陆地生态系统上的大量有机物携带进海洋,并且在全球碳循环中起到非常重要的作用.卫星遥感数据是监测河流有机碳循环的重要数据源,特别是在无冰期的高纬度地区.本研究的目的是:(1)建立一种高精度反演算法估算北极Lena河的溶解有机碳...