Reconceptualising adaptation to climate change as part of pathways of change and response

The need to adapt to climate change is now widely recognised as evidence of its impacts on social and natural systems grows and greenhouse gas emissions continue unabated. Yet efforts to adapt to climate change, as reported in the literature over the last decade and in selected case studies, have not led to substantial rates of implementation of adaptation actions despite substantial investments in adaptation science. Moreover, implemented actions have been mostly incremental and focused on proximate causes; there are far fewer reports of more systemic or transformative actions. We found that the nature and effectiveness of responses was strongly influenced by framing. Recent decision-oriented approaches that aim to overcome this situation are framed within a “pathways” metaphor to emphasise the need for robust decision making within adaptive processes in the face of uncertainty and inter-temporal complexity. However, to date, such “adaptation pathways” approaches have mostly focused on contexts with clearly identified decision-makers and unambiguous goals; as a result, they generally assume prevailing governance regimes are conducive for adaptation and hence constrain responses to proximate causes of vulnerability. In this paper, we explore a broader conceptualisation of “adaptation pathways” that draws on ‘pathways thinking’ in the sustainable development domain to consider the implications of path dependency, interactions between adaptation plans, vested interests and global change, and situations where values, interests, or institutions constrain societal responses to change. This re-conceptualisation of adaptation pathways aims to inform decision makers about integrating incremental actions on proximate causes with the transformative aspects of societal change. Case studies illustrate what this might entail. The paper ends with a call for further exploration of theory, methods and procedures to operationalise this broader conceptualisation of adaptation.     

激光跟踪仪坐标测量精度分析

激光跟踪仪是目前精度最高的移动式坐标测量系统,其实际测量精度是否符合标称精度,直接决定了测量精度能否满足需求精度,因此对仪器坐标测量精度的分析显得十分重要。坐标转换模型是反应多站测量坐标精度的理论基础,不同模型在反应仪器精度的准确性、精确性、稳定性和计算速度等方面有较大差别。本文对常用的坐标转换模型进行了对比分析,得出结论是四元数模型具有算法严谨、抗奇异性、表达简洁、运算快速和易于实现等优点,适用于计算坐标转换精度。本文以Leica AT901_b激光跟踪仪为例,进行坐标测量精度分析。多次设站获取同一组目标点数据,每测站与目标点保持良好网形结构,数据处理时首先排除粗差并检验可靠性,然后采用四元数模型计算坐标转换参数,并通过最小二乘平差算法解算参数精度及坐标测量精度。另外,为了反应激光跟踪仪的坐标测量精度与目标点距离的关系,本文以Leica AT901_b为例进行实验,在测程内由远及近多次设站获取数据,计算坐标测量内符合精度并给出了目标点距离与坐标精度的关系曲线。     

提升小波变换在气象格点数据无损压缩中的应用

提升小波变换实现了整数到整数的变换,同时保证了小波变换的正交特性。在二维预测编码基础上引入提升小波变换,并结合"洗牌"技术和熵编码,设计了气象格点数据的无损压缩方案。以位势高度、经向风、纬向风、温度4个要素为例,对数据处理前后的熵值进行了对比分析,并设计了4种方案进行验证。结果表明:提升小波变换能有效去除数据间的相关性,消除冗余信息,降低数据集的熵值,与二维预测编码相结合能实现优势互补,提高压缩效率,并能保证在有效精度内数据完全无损,从而有效提高气象海量数据的存储和传输效率,为快速气象数据响应和预报服务提供数据支持。     

农田生态系统养分迁移转化与优化管理研究

从生态环境质量的角度，综述了农田生态系统养分的迁移转化和循环研究的进展，同时从社会科学的角度分析了国家政策和农民施肥行为的影响。分析表明以往国内的研究需要加强农田生态环境效应的研究，进一步明确农田生态系统 N、P、K的迁移通量及其估算方法，建立计算养分损失的模型及相关参数，特别需要研究国家相关政策和农民的施肥行为等对肥料生产、使用与管理的影响，并提出相关政策建议和措施示范。     

关于我国生产力宏观布局“西进”和“东回”战略转移的评价

本文对我国40年来生产力宏观布局几次大的变化,特别是60—70年代“西进”和近十年“东回”战略,进行了总体评价。作者肯定了“西进”战略决策的成绩,并就“东回”战略转移中存在的问题提出了自己的看法。指出在新的形势下认真总结我国生产力布局的历史经验和教训,具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

Between difference and adjustment - The re-/presentation and implementation of post-socialist (communist) transformation

Since the collapse of the communist regimes some 15 years ago, the at first rather simplistic assumptions about the quite similar nature of the ‘other side’ of the Iron Curtain soon were revealed as such. The conditions in the different countries proved to be much more complex and differentiated, making policies more difficult to target and outcomes to predict than initially presumed and propagated. As it emerged, the process of ‘transition’, has thus emerged as a multidimensional, complex phenomenon of ‘transition’, shaped by a set of overlapping and intersecting variables, pointing to the need for a more detailed understanding and interpretation of the changes observed. And this includes the use of terminology, even such fundamental terms as ‘post-/socialism’ versus ‘post-/communism’ or ‘transition’ versus ‘transformation’. These differences reflect variations in the perception and implementation of post-communist regimes, as viewed and interpreted from both within and without the relevant countries or regions. And this is illustrated by the collection of papers in this special issue.     

基于DLT模型的一种数码相机检校方法

直接线性模型法是相机检校中常用的一种方法，在其基础上提出了一种适合计算机处理的数码相机检校方法，其通过改变像方元素的单位，就可使用现有的摄影测量程序直接处理数字影像。文中进一步讨论了像素尺寸大小对系统误差的影响，并对像素大小的必要测定精度进行了公式推导。最后的实验结果表明，该方法可以获得较好的校准结果。     

大陆深俯冲后效作用的地球化学记录——华北中生代岩石圈地幔源区特征变异的讨论

早中生代扬子板块与华北板块之间的俯冲及其后两陆块间的碰撞为大陆深俯冲后效作用研究提供了一个少见的实例。本文在系统论述华北中生代深部年代学记录、深源岩类源区地球化学特征的时空变化规律,普遍的 Sr 同位素高度富集现象及其空间变化指向、高场强元素强烈分馏以及时间制约分析基础上,提出了导致这些源区特征变化最可能的机制为扬子板片深俯冲中析出的熔体/流体交代并改造了华北大陆岩石圈地幔。而其后中生代全球事件引发的中国东部广泛而强烈白垩纪构造-岩浆幕则提供了侵位于地壳层位深源岩类的成岩条件。本文强调指出对华北岩石圈地幔这种大尺度实体上的改造,应被视为扬子板片深俯冲后效作用中最具深远意义的一种表现,并对中生代华北岩石圈整体转型产生了重要影响。     

Sequential high-pressure transformations of FeGeO3 high-P clinopyroxene (C 2 /c) at temperatures up to 365 ¯C

 In order to elucidate high-pressure transformations of high-P clinopyroxene (C2/c) at kinetically low temperature where atoms are not thermally activated, the transformation processes of FeGeO₃ clinopyroxene (C2/c) have been investigated at pressures up to 20 GPa and 365 °C by powder X-ray diffraction using a synchrotron radiation source and TEM observation. With increasing pressure up to 20 GPa at room temperature, FeGeO₃ high-P clinopyroxene (C2/c) reversibly transforms into a new high-pressure phase, FeGeO₃(II). On increasing the temperature up to 365 °C, this phase rapidly transforms into FeGeO₃ ilmenite within about 2 h. Intensity analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern reveals that the high-pressure phase of FeGeO₃(II) has an intermediate structure between clinopyroxene and ilmenite: the cation arrangement is similar to that of clinopyroxene and the oxygen arrangement is similar to that of ilmenite. The comparison of the crystal structures of these polymorphs suggests that clinopyroxene to FeGeO₃(II) and FeGeO₃(II) to ilmenite transformations are performed by the slight deformation of the oxygen packing and the short-range movement of cations, respectively. It is shown that this high-P clinopyroxene transforms into ilmenite through a low-activation energy path under the low-temperature condition. Received: 30 August 2000 / Accepted: 10 February 2001     

SPOT预处理级图像变换方法的研究

在分析ＳＰＯＴ预处理级图像（ＩＡ、ＩＢ、ＩＡＰ）特点的基础上，提出了在一定精度范围内，将ＩＢ级图像像坐标变换为ＩＡ级或ＩＡＰ级图像像坐标的两种变换方案。试验结果表明，两种变换方案皆具有较高的变换精度，但方案２的精度优于方案１的精度，且已用于生产作业。