东昆仑造山带东段早泥盆世侵入岩的成因及其对早古生代造山作用的指示

研究发现,早泥盆世东昆仑造山带东段和西段均发育较大规模的岩浆活动。然而对于其成因、深部动力学机制以及与始特提斯构造演化的关联等问题一直缺乏系统的研究。本文以东昆仑东段地区跃进山岩体为例,探讨早泥盆世岩浆活动机理及其构造意义。该岩体主体由二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩组成,含少量的辉长岩和含堇青石花岗岩,前三种岩性是本文的重点。其中,二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩无角闪石和堇青石,具有高硅和钾,低铁、镁和钙,铝饱和指数(A/CNK)多数在1.0～1.1之间,富集大离子亲石元素(LILE:Rb、Th和K)和轻稀土(LREE),明显亏损Ba、Sr、Nb、Ta、Ti、P和Eu等元素,属过铝质I-S过渡型花岗岩;辉长岩具有显著高的Fe和Ti(FeOT为8.17%～12.70%,TiO2为4.50%～6.54%)含量,高Cu(11.5×10-6～30.6×10-6)和Cu/Ni值(1.41～6.41),相对富集的LREE((La/Yb)N为1.94～3.15,LREE/HREE为2.65～3.48),相对低的Mg#(48～50)、Cr(3.8×10-6～60.4×10-6)、Ni(1.8×10-6～12.5×10-6)值,相对于原始地幔具有明显的Nb-Ta-Ti正异常。二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩均具有相对高的ISr值(分别为0.710～0.740和0.710)、相对低的εNd(t)值(分别为-4.05～-5.80和-3.54～-3.71)和偏古老的t2DM(分别为1.47～1.62Ga和1.43～1.45Ga),但花岗闪长岩具有相对高的εHf(t),其变化在-3.00～0.86。跃进山辉长岩具有相对高的ISr(0.711～0.714)、相对低的εNd(t)值(-3.44～-6.82)和较为集中的εHf(t)值(-2.19～1.05),显示富集地幔的特征。本次利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法获得花岗闪长岩的形成年龄为407±3Ma,辉长岩的形成年龄为406±3Ma。综合岩石学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素等多方面的指标,可以判断该岩体的形成为:幔源岩浆上侵至地壳,供热诱发古老的地壳物质部分熔融产生S型岩浆最终形成含堇青石花岗岩,同时与壳源熔体发生混合产生I-S过渡型岩浆并经历较高程度的分异最终形成二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩。跃进山与东昆仑造山带其他地区早泥盆世岩浆活动均具有与典型后碰撞岩浆作用类似的岩石组合,并且显示很强的幔源岩浆作用的印记。这表明,至少从早泥盆世开始,东昆仑地区已经进入后碰撞的伸展阶段。综合区域上的研究成果,本文认为早泥盆世应为中央造山带(特别是东昆仑、北秦岭和柴北缘)始特斯构造体制转换的关键时期,这一时期相关地体的碰撞拼合已基本完成,区域构造体制由挤压开始转向伸展。     

北祁连造山带中—西段陆壳残块群的构造—地层特征

北祁连造山带是一条多旋回的造山带,其最大特点是早古生代岩系中镶嵌有众多大小不一的由前震旦系变质岩系所组成的陆壳残块群,它们源于晋宁期末,统一的巨型华北古大陆早古生代初的裂解。寒武 奥陶纪西段演化为裂谷系,陆壳残块群组成裂谷系的正性隆起构造单元;中段发育微洋盆沟弧盆体系,在南缘的陆壳残块群处于奥陶纪活动大陆边缘张裂带上,并构成被晚期弧后盆地及裂谷分开后的陆壳基底部位,少数陆壳残块为沟弧盆体系中的孤岛隆起。它们不是由中祁连推覆来的飞来峰或是外来移置的滑覆体,而是由统一的巨型华北古大陆西南缘古阿拉善地块于早古生代初裂解后向洋或裂谷演化过程中残留其中的大小不一的陆壳残块。北祁连早奥陶世海域与现在加拿大北部巴芬湾及伊丽莎白女王群岛的构造格局相似。     

江南造山带东部旌德高Sr/Y花岗闪长岩的形成机制及其构造意义

旌德岩体是江南造山带东部一个典型的高Sr/Y岩体。锆石的原位U-Pb定年表明,该岩体侵位于141±1Ma。岩体由花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩组成。岩体中黑云母为镁质黑云母。斜长石为奥长石、中长石。全岩地球化学表明,高的SiO2（66.01% ~ 70.87%）,Al2O3（14.91% ~16.24%）,全碱（K2O+Na2O = 6.64% ~ 8.01%）,K2O/Na2O变化范围在0.78～1.04,Sr（189×10-6 ~ 452×10-6）,和LREE;低的HREE和HFSE含量,Eu有轻微的负异常到弱的正异常（δEu＝0.81~1.18）。岩体具有高的Sr/Y（23 ~ 66）值和(La/Yb)N（13 ~ 58）值,且MgO、Cr、Ni含量较低。相对较高的εNd(t)＝‒12.92~‒6.28,二阶段模式年龄 tDM2 = 1.4~1.9Ga,岩体中发育有岩浆混合成因的暗色包体,指示有幔源岩浆参与。交代的岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融,岩浆底侵到壳幔过渡带附近,导致下地壳发生部分熔融形成了旌德岩体,且发生了岩浆混合作用。     

P–T evolution and episodic zircon growth in barroisite eclogites of the Lanterman Range,northern Victoria Land,Antarctica

Prograde P–T–t paths of eclogites are often ambiguous owing to high variance of mineral assemblages, large uncertainty in isotopic age determinations and/or variable degree of retrograde equilibration. We investigated these issues using the barroisite eclogites from the Lanterman Range, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, which are relatively uncommon but free of retrogression. These eclogites revealed three stages of prograde metamorphism, defining two distinctive P–T trajectories, M_1–2 and M₃. Inclusion minerals in garnet porphyroblasts suggest that initial prograde assemblages (M₁) consist of garnet+omphacite+barroisite/Mg‐pargasite+epidote+phengite+paragonite+rutile/titanite+quartz, and subsequent M₂ assemblages of garnet+omphacite+barroisite+phengite+rutile±quartz. The inclusion‐rich inner part of garnet porphyroblasts preserves a bell‐shaped Mn profile of the M₁, whereas the inclusion‐poor outer part (M₂) is typified by the outward decrease in Ca/Mg and X_Fe (=Fe²⁺/(Fe²⁺+Mg)) values. A pseudosection modelling employing fractionated bulk‐rock composition suggests that the eclogites have initially evolved from ~15 to 20 kbar and 520–570°C (M₁) to ~22–25 kbar and 630–650°C (M₂). The latter is in accordance with P–T conditions estimated from two independent geothermobarometers: the garnet–clinopyroxene–phengite (~25 ± 3 kbar and 660 ± 100°C) and Zr‐in‐rutile (~650–700°C at 22–27 kbar). The second segment (M_3A–B) of prograde P–T path is recorded in the grossular‐rich overgrowth rim of garnet. Apart from disequilibrium growth of the M_3A garnet, ubiquitous overgrowth of the M_3B garnet permits us to estimate the P–T conditions at ~26 ± 3 kbar and 720 ± 80°C. The cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging of zircon grains separated from a barroisite eclogite revealed three distinct zones with bright rim, dark mantle and moderately dark core. Eclogitic phases such as garnet, omphacite, epidote and rutile are present as fine‐grained inclusions in the mantle and rim of zircon, in contrast to their absence in the core. The sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe U–Pb dating on metamorphic mantle domains and neoblasts yielded a weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 515 ± 4 Ma (tσ), representing the time of the M₂ stage. On the other hand, overgrowth rims as well as bright‐CL neoblasts of zircon were dated at 498 ± 11 Ma (tσ), corresponding to the M₃. Average burial rates estimated from the M₂ and M₃ ages are too low (<2 mm/year) for cold subduction regime (~5–10°C/km), suggesting that an exhumation stage intervened between two prograde segments of P–T path. Thus, the P–T–t evolution of barroisite eclogites is typified by two discrete episodes with an c. 15 Ma gap during the middle Cambrian subduction of the Antarctic Ross Orogeny.     

Challenges in constraining the P–T conditions of mafic granulites: An example from the northern Trans‐North China Orogen

Some mafic granulites in the Sanggan area of the northern Trans‐North China Orogen (TNCO) have a relatively simple mineralogy with low energy grain shapes that are compatible with an assumption of equilibrium, but the rock‐forming minerals show variations in composition that create challenges for thermobarometry. The mafic granulites, which occur as apparently disrupted dyke‐like bodies in tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite gneisses, are divided into two types based on petrography and chemical composition. Type 1 mafic granulites are fine‐ to medium‐grained with an equilibrated texture and an assemblage of plagioclase+clinopyroxene+garnet+magnetite+ilmenite and sometimes minor hornblende±orthopyroxene. Type 2 mafic granulites are coarse‐grained and hornblende bearing with a peak assemblage of garnet+clinopyroxene+plagioclase+hornblende and variably developed coronae and symplectites of plagioclase+hornblende+orthopyroxene partially replacing porphyroblastic garnet±clinopyroxene. SIMS U–Pb dating of metamorphic zircon from two type 1 mafic granulites yields metamorphic ages of c. 1.84 and 1.83 Ga, consistent with published ages of the type 2 mafic granulites. Based on phase equilibrium modelling, we use the common overlap of P–T fields defined by the mineral assemblage limits, and the mole proportion and composition isopleths of different minerals in each sample to quantify the metamorphic conditions. For type 1 granulites, overlap of the mineral proportion and composition fields for each of three samples yields similar P–T conditions of 710–880°C at 0.57–0.79 GPa, 820–850°C at 0.59–0.63 GPa and 800–860°C at 0.59–0.68 GPa. For the type 2 granulites, overlaying the peak assemblage fields for three samples yields common P–T conditions of 870–890°C at 1.1–1.2 GPa. For the retrograde assemblage, overlap of the mineral proportion and composition fields for each sample yields similar P–T conditions of 820–840°C at 0.85–0.88 GPa, 860–880°C at 0.83–0.86 GPa and 880–930°C at 0.89–0.95 GPa. The P–T conditions appear distinct between the two types of mafic granulite, with the mineralogically simple type 1 mafic granulites recording the lowest pressures. However, there are significant uncertainties associated with these results. For the granulites, there are uncertainties related to the determination of modes and composition of the equilibration volume, particularly estimation of O and H₂O contents, and in the phase equilibrium modelling there are uncertainties that propagate through the calculation of mole proportions and mineral compositions. The compound uncertainties on pressure and temperature for high‐T granulites are large and the results of our study show that it may be unwise to rely on P–T conditions determined from the simple intersection of calculated mineral composition isopleths alone. Since the samples in this study are from a limited area—a few hundred square metres—we infer that they record a single P–T path involving both decompression and cooling. However, there is no evidence of the high‐P granulite facies event at 1.93–1.90 Ga that is recorded elsewhere in the TNCO, which suggests that the precursor basic dykes were emplaced late during the assembly of the North China Craton.     

东昆仑东段可日正长花岗岩年龄和岩石成因对东昆仑中三叠世构造演化的制约

可日岩体位于东昆仑造山带东段东昆北构造带,岩性为含暗色微粒包体正长花岗岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年结果显示寄主岩和暗色微粒包体的结晶年龄分别为231.58±0.49Ma和232.6±2.3Ma。可日正长花岗岩主体为弱过铝质中钾钙碱性I型花岗岩,具有较高的SiO_2含量(72.06%~74.49%)和Na_2O/K_2O(1.00~1.35)、Nb/Ta(15.4~27.9)比值,较低的值(14~31)和Rb/Ba(0.10~0.46)比值,富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE)。岩体为巴颜喀拉地块同东昆仑地块碰撞后,板片断离持续作用产生的镁铁质熔体底侵中下地壳使其部分熔融的结果。暗色微粒包体同寄主岩具有相近的结晶年龄、较细粒度、含有寄主岩捕获晶、针状磷灰石,显示包体是镁铁质岩浆注入寄主岩快速冷却的产物。由于寄主岩分离结晶,残留熔体与包体的浓度梯度差导致元素扩散,使两者具有物质交换。东昆仑东段晚古生代-早中生代幔源岩浆对花岗质岩浆的影响是一个持续的过程,从俯冲阶段早期流体交代地幔熔融,到俯冲阶段后期板片断离,然后同碰撞阶段板片断离的持续影响,再到后碰撞阶段加厚地壳的拆沉作用,由于地球动力学体制不同,导致幔源岩浆影响的大小和特征不同。可日岩体年龄及岩石成因显示东昆仑地区在232Ma左右处于同碰撞阶段。     

东秦岭发现~1.9Ga钼矿床——河南龙门店钼矿床Re-Os定年

河南龙门店钼矿床位于华北陆块南缘熊耳山地区,其赋矿围岩为新太古代一古元古代太华群片麻岩.6件辉钼矿样品的Re-Os模式年龄最小值为1868±6Ma,最大值为2044±14Ma,等时线年龄为1875Ma,表明该矿床形成于早元古代,是目前我国已知最老的钼矿床.     

Tectonic setting of the Balaram-Kui-Surpagla-Kengora granulites of the South Delhi Terrane of the Aravalli Mobile Belt,NW India and its implication on correlation with the East African Orogen in the Gondwana assembly

Granulites are developed in various tectonic settings and during different geological periods, and have been used for continental correlation within supercontinent models. In this context the Balaram-Kui-Surpagla-Kengora granulites of the South Delhi Terrane of the Aravalli Mobile Belt of northwestern India are significant. The granulites occur as shear zone bounded lensoidal bodies within low-grade rocks of the South Delhi Terrane and comprise pelitic and calcareous granulites, a gabbro-norite-basic granulite suite and multiple phases of granites of the Ambaji suite. The granulites have undergone three major phases of folding and shearing. The F₁ and F₂ folds are coaxial along NE-SW axis, and F₃ folds are developed across the former along NW-SE axis. Thus, various types of interference patterns are produced. The granulite facies metamorphism is marked by a spinel–cordierite–garnet–sillimanite–quartz assemblage with melt phase and is synkinematic to the F₁ phase of folding. The peak thermobarometric condition is set at ≥850 °C and 5.5–6.8 kb. The granulites have been exhumed through thrusting along multiple ductile shear zones during syn- to post-F₂ folding. Late-stage shearing has produced cataclasites and pseudotachylites. Sensitive High Resolution Ion MicroProbe (SHRIMP) U–Pb dating of zircon from pelitic granulites and synkinematically emplaced granites indicate that: (1) the sedimentary succession of the South Delhi Terrane was deposited between 1240 and 860 Ma with detritus derived from magmatic sources with ages between 1620 and 1240 Ma; (2) folding and granulite metamorphism have taken place between ca. 860 and 800 Ma, and exhumation at around ca. 800–760 Ma; and (3) the last phase of granitic activity occurred at ca. 759 Ma. This shows, for the first time, that the granulites of the South Delhi Terrane are much younger than those of the Sandmata Granulite Complex of the northern part of the Aravalli Mobile Belt, the Saussar granulites of the Central India Mobile Belt and the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt. Instead, they show similarities to the Neoproterozoic granulites of the Circum Indian Orogens that include the East African Orogen (East Africa and Madagascar), the Southern Granulite Terrane of India and much of Sri Lanka. We suggest that the South Delhi Basin probably marks a trace of the proto-Mozambique Ocean in NW India within Gondwana, that closed when the Marwar Craton, arc fragments (Bemarivo Belt in Madagascar and the Seychelles) and components of the Arabian-Nubian Shield collided with the Aravalli-Bundelkhand Protocontinent at ca. 850–750 Ma.     

秦岭造山带内宁陕断裂带构造演化及其意义

宁陕断裂是秦岭造山带内部发育的一条近东西向区域性断裂。研究表明,宁陕断裂运动学性质为左行走滑,变形早期为韧性变形,晚期叠加脆性变形。早期变形形成的同变形变质矿物的⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar定年结果显示,变形时代为169~162Ma左右,属于秦岭造山带碰撞后陆内变形阶段产物。宁陕左行走滑断裂的存在暗示着在中晚侏罗世之前,现今南秦岭构造带很可能分属于两个不同的构造单元。宁陕断裂北西侧具有古老变质基底,并有大量早中生代花岗岩体侵入;南东侧只发育中上元古宙浅变质火山-沉积组合,发育晚元古宙-早古生代基性侵入岩脉及一些碱性岩脉。中晚侏罗世-早白垩世期间,围绕着扬子地块西缘和北缘,发生过左行走滑变形,这可能与扬子地块在这个时期的顺时针旋转相关。