武汉市科教区冬春季气溶胶的元素组成特征及来源分析

2006-2007年冬春季在武汉市湖北大学校区连续采集气溶胶样品,测定气溶胶元素组成,分析气溶胶样品总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）质量浓度,再结合污染源的特征元素组成来确定污染物的来源构成。结果表明：湖北大学校区大气气溶胶污染程度较轻,气溶胶元素以地壳元素为主,其次是具有代表性的人为污染物元素,再次是盐类元素。通过因子载荷分析和相关性分析显示,湖北大学周边地区的建筑源、交通源和餐饮源是湖北大学校区大气的主要污染源。     

Processing of oxidised nitrogen compounds by passage through winter-time orographic cloud

Four case studies are described, from a three-site field experiment in October/November 1991 using the Great Dun Fell flow-through reactor hill cap cloud in rural Northern England. Measurements of total odd-nitrogen nitrogen oxides (NO _y ) made on either side of the hill, before and after the air flowed through the cloud, showed that 10 to 50% of the NO _y , called NO _z , was neither NO nor NO₂. This NO _z failed to exhibit a diurnal variation and was often higher after passage through cloud than before. No evidence of conversion of NO _z to NO₃ ^- in cloud was found. A simple box model of gas-phase chemistry in air before it reached the cloud, including scavenging of NO₃ and N₂O₅ by aerosol of surface area proportional to the NO₂ mixing ratio, shows that NO₃ and N₂O₅ may build up in the boundary layer by night only if stable stratification insulates the air from emissions of NO. This may explain the lack of evidence for N₂O₅ forming NO₃ ^- in cloud under well-mixed conditions in 1991, in contrast with observations under stably stratified conditions during previous experiments when evidence of N₂O₅ was found. Inside the cloud, some variations in the calculated total atmospheric loading of HNO₂ and the cloud liquid water content were related to each other. Also, indications of conversion of NO _x to NO _z were found. To explain these observations, scavenging of NO _x and HNO₂ by cloud droplets and/or aqueous-phase oxidation of NO₂ ^- by nitrate radicals are considered. When cloud acidity was being produced by aqueous-phase oxidation of NO _x or SO₂, NO₃ ^- which had entered the cloud as aerosol particles was liberated as HNO₃ vapour. When no aqueous-phase production of acidity was occurring, the reverse, conversion of scavenged HNO₃ to particulate NO₃ ^-, was observed.     

Towards urbanisation of the non-hydrostatic numerical weather prediction model Lokalmodell (LM)

Numerical weather prediction models are increasingly employed for providing meteorological data for urban air quality applications. Model resolution, physiographic parameters and surface-layer parameterisations need to be adapted to the requirements of the urban boundary layer. The Lokalmodell of the German Weather Service was triple-nested down to a horizontal grid resolution of 1.1 km, urbanised physiographic parameters were implemented, and an additional anthropogenic heat source was introduced. Results of a sensitivity study for a spring dust episode in Helsinki show a clear urbanisation effect of these measures on temperature, humidity and the partitioning of surface fluxes, leading to an increased Bowen ratio and heat storage and an urban heat island effect.     

2000～2004年天津市大气污染特征分析

根据天津市2000～2004年的环境监测资料和同期气象资料,对天津市大气污染物浓度变化的时空变化特征、大气污染与天气条件的关系进行了研究。结果表明:天津市大气污染物具有明显的时空分布规律,时间上表现为冬强夏弱,年际之间SO2和PM10浓度减轻,NO2变化不大。空间上表现为SO2和PM10在中心城区改善明显,NO2浓度在局部地区仍在增加。天气形势、城市热岛、逆温和混合层高度等对污染物浓度影响很大。     

乌鲁木齐市环境污染现状分析及防御对策

对乌鲁木齐市环境污染现状作了分析，重点分析大气污染、水环境质量、污染物排放、噪声环境以及其它环境问题，较为综合地反应了乌鲁木齐市环境总体状况，并就污染问题提出防御对策。     

2003广西主要城市空气质量评价及空气污染物浓度与气象条件关系

从南宁、桂林、北海三城市空气质量自动监测站监测到二氧化硫(SO2),二氧化氮(NO2),可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的日均浓度数据计算的空气污染指数API得出:2003年三城市空气质量状况整体为 级"优"或 级"良",达到了国家环境保护总局对城市环境规定的标准,特别是桂林市的空气质量最好。对各种污染物月平均浓度值与地面气象要素关系进行相关分析,发现相关性非常好,其中与气压呈正相关,与气温、水汽压、相对湿度、降雨量、风速、0厘米地温等要素呈反相关。各种污染物日平均浓度值与地面风速相关也非常好。     

城市热岛和海风环流相互作用的数值模拟研究进展

在沿海城市地区,城市热岛环流和海风环流往往同时存在;它们在空气污染物的传输和扩散中均起至关重要的作用,对强对流天气亦有重要的触发作用.随着城市化的发展,空气污染等环境问题变得越来越严峻,突然性强对流天气所造成的灾害也越来越严重.因此,沿海城市地区城市热岛和海风环流相互作用的研究受到日益广泛的关注.本文回顾了近30 a来国内外关于城市热岛和海风环流相互作用数值模拟的研究历史,分析了目前的研究现状及存在的一些问题,概述了城市化、城市热岛对海风环流的影响,海风对城市热岛、城市热岛环流的影响,以及城市热岛环流和海风环流的耦合效应.最后,本文提出了一些有待于研究或需深入研究的问题;这些问题的研究将有助于进一步揭示沿海城市地区空气污染动力学机制、强对流天气触发机制.     

2015-2019年贵港市臭氧污染特征及其与气象要素的关系

为研究贵港市O3(臭氧)污染特征及其与气象要素的关系,对2015-2019年贵港市国家空气自动监测站和同期贵港国家气象观测站逐日、逐时气象资料进行了研究和分析.结果表明:近5a来贵港市O3污染日趋严重;O3污染存在明显的季节变化,秋＞夏＞春＞冬;O3浓度日变化特征呈单峰型,8:00出现谷值,15:00-16:00出现峰...     

Evolution of the fogwater composition in Strasbourg (France) from 1990 to 1999

The chemical composition of fogwater has been studied in the city of Strasbourg (France) from 1990 to 1999. During these years, fogwater samples have been collected and analysed for major ions and trace metals. This paper reports on the analysis of the collected dataset. The analysis revealed a significant decrease in acidity of approximately one pH unit over the course of the study. This decrease in acidity appears to be linked to a decrease in SO_2(g) and the resulting SO₄²⁻. Trace metal concentrations have also strongly decreased over the 10-year period. Pb concentrations, following the elimination of leaded gasoline, decreased by more than one order of magnitude.     

城市NOx 人体健康风险评估的GIS 应用研究

城市大气污染是人类目前及未来面临的主要健康威胁之一, 而随着交通的发展NOx 对 人体健康的影响越来越受到重视。基于GIS 技术进行健康风险评估的研究是目前城市环境健康 问题研究的热点。论文采用环境健康风险评估的基本框架( 浓度、暴露、剂量、效应4 个环节) , 应 用GIS 栅格数据模型和域面分析技术构建城市空气质量健康风险空间量化评估模型, 模拟了主 要大气污染物NOx 的剂量—效应函数关系; 并根据污染物的分布进行城市局地尺度NOx 健康风 险评估。