浅丘地带主要气象灾害特征及风险分析——以绵西高速公路为例

本文通过应用绵西高速公路(S32)交通管制台账资料、沿途气象观测站数据、通过统计学、GIS区划、专家打分等方式进行研究分析,得到绵西高速公路道路管制情况、灾害性天气直接影响下交通管制情况分布特征、主要气象灾害风险等级：1)绵西高速公路运营以来至2021年,受灾害性天气及引发的次生灾害造成的交通管制占比77.7%,主要原因是大雾天气、强降水及引发的路面积水;季节天气影响交通管制程度由高到低分别为冬、夏、秋、春。2)2019至2021年绵西高速公路由大雾造成交通管制的平均时长较强降水更长,发生时段更集中。大雾造成交通管制持续时间平均时长为5小时,管制开始时间主要集中在00至08时,解除时间在07至11时;强降水直接造成交通管制持续时间平均时长为3小时,管制开始时间为08至10时和15时至21时,结束时间在10到17时。利用成果能为交通运维工作提供有效的决策参考意见,有力保障道路安全畅通,最大限度地减少因灾害性天气造成的交通事故发生,有利于提高生产效率和社会经济效益。     

The influence of dynamic soil–structure interaction on traffic induced vibrations in buildings

This paper deals with the dynamic response of buildings due to traffic induced wave fields. The response of a two-storey single family dwelling due to the passage of a two-axle truck on a traffic plateau is computed with a model that fully accounts for the dynamic interaction between the soil and the structure. The results of three cases where the structure is founded on a slab foundation, a strip foundation and a box foundation are calculated and a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic structural response is performed. A methodology is also proposed to calculate the structural response, neglecting the effects of dynamic soil–structure interaction. A comparison with the results of calculations where dynamic soil–structure interaction is accounted for shows that a good approximation is obtained in the case of a rigid structure resting on a soft soil.     

Experimental validation of a numerical prediction model for free field traffic induced vibrations by in situ experiments

This paper deals with the validation of a numerical model for traffic induced vibrations. Road unevenness subjects the vehicle to vertical oscillations that cause dynamic axle loads, which generate waves propagating in the subsoil. A 2D vehicle model is used for the calculation of the axle loads from the longitudinal road profile. The free field soil response is calculated with the dynamic Betti–Rayleigh reciprocity theorem, using a transfer function between the road and the receiver that accounts for dynamic road–soil interaction. The validation relies on the measured response of the vehicle's axles and the soil during the passage of a truck on an artificial unevenness with speeds varying from 30 to 70 km/h. The agreement between the numerical and the experimental results is good: the influence of the vehicle speed and the distance from the road is well predicted, while the ratio of the predicted and the measured PPV is less than two.     

Ozone Weekend Effect Analysis in Three European Urban Areas

This paper aims to apply statistical procedures to analyse the ozone weekend effect (OWE) in three European urban areas: Lisbon, Oporto and London. Seasonal variations of surface ozone (O₃) and total oxidant species (O_x) concentrations are presented. The studied period was from January 2007 to December 2009. The O₃ annual average profile in London was significantly different from the ones achieved for Lisbon and Oporto, due to the high emissions of nitrogen oxides and low temperatures (associated with low solar radiations). The influence of nitrogen oxides in atmospheric chemistry of London was analysed by linear correlations between O₃ concentrations and NO₂/NO ratio. High values during almost all period showed that O₃ concentrations are mainly influenced by NO? NO₂? O₃ chemical reaction. On the other hand, the linear correlations between O₃ and NO₂ concentrations only presented positive values in Lisbon and Oporto. This behaviour is associated with photo‐dissociation of NO₂, producing O₃ during the spring and summer periods. Additionally, cluster analysis was applied to group the days of week according the correspondent O₃ behaviour. The weekend and some weekdays (immediately after or before) were grouped in the same cluster, showing that OWE occurs in all urban areas selected in this study. These findings suggest that the applied statistical procedures should be used to analyse the OWE and that the causes for the different O₃ behaviours during the week may be influenced by meteorological variables.     

Coastal exposure to oil spill impacts from the Finisterre Traffic Separation Scheme

This study analyzes the coastal exposure to potential oil spills coming from the various corridors that constitute the Finisterre Traffic Separation Scheme (NW Iberia). A Lagrangian model was executed with results from a realistic configuration of an ocean model during 2012, validated here against High-Frequency (HF) radar-derived surface currents. Virtual particles were released each hour and followed during the next 4 days. A series of maps summarize which regions would be impacted and when. We have learnt, for example, that Cape Finisterre is the most affected area under a wide range of scenarios and that a sensitive area such as the National Park of the Atlantic Islands would require protective actions in less than 24 h if oil spills from the south eventually occurred. A complete analysis by corridor and during specific wind events is available through a web tool, which could be useful for decision makers in case of contingency.     

我国霾研究进展与公共安全影响应对*

在给出霾的定义、特征及空间分布的基础上,介绍了霾的物理学特性、化学特性及气象学研究的最新进展,分析了霾对公共卫生健康、交通安全的影响, 提出了科学编制防御规划、统筹建立协调机制、有效推进减霾行动、提供相应科技支撑、完善相关政策法规等对策建议,对于政府相关部门制定霾天气应对和防治措施具有积极的决策参考作用,减少或减轻霾对经济社会发展和人体健康带来的损害威胁。     

去除交通环境振动观测记录中本底振动的自互功率谱法

去除环境振动观测记录中的本底振动是提高信噪比、揭示交通环境振动特征的一个重要环节.本文在分析现有从交通环境振动观测记录中去除本底振动方法不足的基础上,从考虑本底振动与观测振动互相关性出发,提出了采用自互功率谱法去除本底振动的新方法,推导了计算公式,并通过实际算例论证了方法的可靠性.分析结果表明,本文提出的自互功率谱法能够更有效地去除观测数据中的本底干扰,获得更贴近实际的交通环境振动的功率谱、时程、振动级以及加权振级.在本底振动占优势的低频段,本文提出的方法较现有方法计算精度有明显的提高.     

基于GIS的山地交通地理信息分析方法与技术

在分析讨论传统山地交通地理信息分析方法弊端的基础上,对基于GIS及GIS-T的山地交通网的建设、管理使用等所需的相关地理信息的分析意义、技术方法等问题进行了探讨。以成都市域的相关数据和MapInfo平台为例,研讨了基于GIS的山地交通地理信息分析基本步骤及山地交通网自身及其主要环境要素的分析内容和方法。研究得到了基于GIS的山地交通地理信息分析方法在可视、实效等方面明显优于传统方法;相关研究的难点及今后进一步深入研究的方向及内容等结论。     

交通运输对道路两侧土壤及植物的影响研究展望

针对我国汽车工业的快速发展和机动车保有量迅速增加的状况,结合国内外相关研究成果,介绍了交通运输污染物的分类与来源,概述了交通运输对道路周围土壤及植物的影响。根据我国道路交通的实际,探讨了相关领域未来的研究方向,提出应以开发清洁替代能源和深入研究污染物在各环境介质中的迁移转化规律,进而减少污染物对人类的健康损害及筛选对交通运输特征污染物高富集的树种以阻断污染物的迁移为主。     

基于MDT的地震滑坡道路可通行性空间分布快速评估方法研究

如何预测地震滑坡道路可通行性空间分布是快速评估中的一个难题,为解决这一问题,本文提出一种基于MDT的地震滑坡道路可通行性空间分布快速评估方法。该方法包括3个步骤:(1)定制路段单元,将路段作为地震滑坡道路可通行性评估的基本单元,利用GIS将评估区内的道路划分成路段,制作每条路段两侧180m的缓冲区;(2)对路段进行地震滑坡属性赋值,统计各缓冲区范围内不同地震滑坡敏感性水平的像元数量,将统计结果作为对应路段的地震滑坡属性;(3)路段可通行性空间分布推断,利用MDT模型计算道路可通行性,最后进行地震滑坡道路可通行性空间分布制图。利用该方法对我国2008年汶川M_S8.0、2014年鲁甸M_S6.5和2012年彝良M_S5.6、M_S5.7地震灾区进行研究。其中,汶川地震灾区用来进行地震滑坡道路可通行性空间分布快速评估方法的建立和方法有效性的评价,鲁甸地震灾区和彝良地震灾区则用来对所建立方法在相似区域可移植性的评价。通过计算P值来检验模型的统计学显著性,并通过计算kappa值来评价模型反演结果与实际情况的一致性。...