不同加载速率下煤岩单轴压缩电荷感应规律研究

利用自主研制的电荷感应仪,建立单轴压缩条件下煤岩电荷感应试验系统.研究了煤、花岗岩、砂岩在不同加载速率下的电荷感应规律.试验结果表明:煤岩电荷感应最大值在应力达到极限强度前出现,且随加载速率增加,电荷最大值比应力极限强度提前出现时间有减短趋势.不同性质煤岩体,电荷感应最大值有较大区别,花岗岩电荷最大值大于煤电荷最大值,煤电荷最大值大于砂岩电荷最大值.当应力较小时,煤岩只产生微量的电荷信号,当应力达到煤岩极限应力的90%左右时产生大量的电荷信号,说明煤岩电荷感应存在应力阈值.因此,电荷感应方法作为预测预报动力灾害是可行的,值得深入研究.     

Microbiological composition of native and exotic clams from Tagus estuary: Effect of season and environmental parameters

The influence of seasonal and environmental parameters on the occurrence of bacteria was investigated in two clam species (Venerupis pullastra and Ruditapes philippinarum), water and sediment from the Tagus estuary. Total viable counts (TVC), Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. were evaluated during one-year. Overall, significant seasonal variations were found in both sampling sites, especially for E. coli and Vibrio spp. levels. In summer, significantly higher Vibrio spp. levels were found in R. philippinarum and sediment samples, but not in V. pullastra clams and water samples. In contrast, significantly higher TVC and E. coli levels were observed in winter months in water and sediment samples. Salmonella spp. was generally isolated when higher levels of E. coli were detected, particularly in R. philippinarum. This study is useful for authorities to develop monitoring strategies for coastal contamination and to estimate human health risks associated with the consumption of bivalves.     

力 -电 -热多参量监测深井动力灾害的试验分析

采掘活动引起工作面前方煤体应力场重新分布、煤体破裂、瓦斯运移等活动,煤体内部内能,势能等能量不断发生转换,并向外辐射电荷、电磁等能量,致使煤体应力,煤体温度发生变化。使用煤体应力、煤体电荷和煤体温度多参量监测技术,对工作面前方煤体压力、煤体电荷和煤体温度进行持续监测,可判断煤体应力变化、瓦斯运移及煤体破裂状况等,从而确定煤层动力灾害危险程度。通过现场试验研究表明：含瓦斯煤层煤体应力突变时,煤体辐射电荷量增加、煤体温度降低,应力平稳变化阶段,煤体温度、煤体电荷信号基本稳定不变。因此,可利用对煤体应力、煤体温度和煤体电荷的监测结果,判断煤层动力灾害危险性,并且煤体应力、煤体温度、煤体电荷监测技术可相互补充验证,增加动力灾害预测可靠度。力-电-热多参量预测技术可提高煤矿动力灾害预测准确性,为煤矿安全生产提供可靠保障。     

Palynofacies and organic geochemistry studies of organic matter from a wetland system of southern Brazil influenced by different hydrological regimes in the Quaternary

The main goal of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively characterize the sedimentary organic matter (OM) and demonstrate the usefulness of geochemistry and palynofacies analysis for obtaining paleoenvironmental data for the Holocene in southernmost Brazil. The results indicate that during the time interval from 10,586 cal yr BP to the present, the study area housed a wetland characterized by different hydrologic regimes. The basal peaty deposits correspond to a phase influenced mainly by the groundwater table, whereas the upper deposits composed of silty organic mud indicate fluvial influence related to river overflow events. In a similar manner, the TOC (total organic carbon) and TS (total sulfur) contents are higher in the basal portion of the profile, decreasing toward the top. These findings could be related to granulometry alterations that are linked to hydrologic regimes or anthropogenic interference in the landscape dynamics. Anomalous TS content observed in one of the samples might be due to an external source and perhaps related to the presence of thermal springs in the region. These types of areas have potential as a modern reference that can be applied in the reconstruction of past analogous environments such as coal deposits associated with fluvial paleoenvironments.     

青藏高原盐湖战略性钾资源元素含量变化特征及影响因素

青藏高原盐湖赋存着丰富的钾资源元素。近年来,在全球变暖和大规模人工开发背景下,青藏高原盐湖卤水钾含量和矿化度发生显著变化。系统对比了青藏高原31个盐湖近年来和1990s之前卤水的钾离子含量和矿化度变化情况,分析其主要影响因素。结果显示,近年来青藏高原盐湖钾离子含量和矿化度总体呈现下降趋势,但不同盐湖变化程度不同;藏北高原、可可西里高原、西昆仑等地区盐湖主要受气候-构造-水文等自然因素影响,钾离子和矿化度下降明显;柴达木盆地盐湖受资源开发和人为干预等因素影响,卤水钾离子含量下降,而矿化度略有增加。     

台风期间电离层TEC的扰动响应分析

针对台风期间的电离层的扰动,利用1996—2004年在福建登陆的台风事件,选择电离层电子总含量(TEC)为对象进行研究,再选择参考点为同纬度不同经度地区的TEC为对照,分析两地TEC差值情况,以及台风期间两者的扰动响应.结果表明:在台风风速达到极值的时段内,部分区域内TEC会出现类似锯齿状的扰动,在之后一段时间内消亡;在风速逐渐趋于极值到极值消失的时段内,风速与TEC日平均值之间存在较强的负相关关系.     

气溶胶对云中水成物粒子荷电情况的影响

利用已有的二维雷暴云起电模式,加入气溶胶模块,建立一个完善的雷暴云起电模式.结合SEET个例,初步探讨了气溶胶浓度对雷暴云内各种水成物粒子荷电情况的影响.发现气溶胶的浓度与雷暴云内云滴、霰粒、冰雹以及雨滴等水成物粒子在空间所携带的最大电荷面密度值以及电荷量有很好的正相关性;同时气溶胶粒子浓度的增加使得雨滴在空间携带电荷量达到峰值的时间有一定提前.     

基于德尔菲法的江西省“三农”气象服务效益评估

利用江西省2012年统计年鉴和20个农业气象服务体系和农村气象灾害防御体系（简称＂两个体系＂）建设实施县的专家测评调查结果（针对农业、林业、牧业、渔业4大重点行业和电力、水利、交通3个高相关行业的调查结果）,采用德尔菲法（专家评估法）,对2010—2013年江西省＂三农＂气象服务效益进行分析评估。结果表明,2010—2012年江西省农业总产值气象服务贡献率稳定在4.00%—4.90%,2012年＂三农＂气象服务对农业总产值效益的新增贡献率为2.6%。2010—2013年＂三农＂气象服务效益评估值分别为76.04、108.14、104.36和116.07亿元,投入产出比为1：3.3—1：7.8,2013年3个高相关行业的产值贡献率为4.0%—5.0%。     

Tomographic imaging of the ionosphere using the GPS/MET and NNSS data

The earlier experiments of ionospheric tomography were conducted by receiving satellite signals from ground-based stations and then reconstructing electron density distribution from measures of the total electron content (TEC). In June 1994, National Central University built up the low-latitude ionospheric tomography network (LITN) including six ground stations spanning a range of 16.7° (from 14.6°N to 31.3°N) in latitude within 1° of 121°E longitude to receive the naval navigation satellite system (NNSS) signals (150 and 400 MHz). In the study of tomographic imaging of the ionosphere, TEC data from a network of ground-based stations can provide detailed information on the horizontal structure, but are of restricted utility in sensing vertical structure. However, an occultation observation mission termed the global positioning system/meteorology (GPS/MET) program used a low Earth orbiting (LEO) satellite (the MicroLab-1) to receive multi-channel GPS carrier phase signals (1.5 and 1.2 GHz) and demonstrate active limb sounding of the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere. In this paper, we have implemented the multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART) to reconstruct and compare two-dimensional ionospheric structures from measured TECs through the receptions of the GPS signals, the NNSS signals, and/or both of the systems. We have also concluded the profiles retrieved from tomographic reconstruction showing much reasonable electron density results than the original vertical profiles retrieved by the Abel transformation and being in more agreement in peak electron density to nearby ionosonde measurements.     

中国干旱内陆流域水体 N、P负荷特征与动态变化——以黑河流域为例

以黑河流域中游地区为研究区域，通过11年在不同河流断面的长期监测和区域内各类水体如地下水、泉水、水库和河流的空间选点取样分析，研究了干旱内陆流域水体 N、P等植物营养元素的负荷与时空分布及动态变化特征。浅层地下水与河水中NO₃-N含量普遍较高，含量超过 1．1 m g／L，大部分平原水库水中NH₄-N含量超过 0．3 m g／L；河水与浅层地下水TP、NH₄-N与NO₃-N含量均呈现沿流域从出山口至下游的显著递增变化，同时还具有明显的随时间递增趋势，其中NH₄-N含量在河流出山口及下游断面平均年增加幅度分别为 0．11 m g／L和 0．114 m g／L；流域水体 N、P含量的季节变化明显，黑河流域春季及春夏之交的枯水期大部分河段NH₄-N、NO₃-N和TP等要素含量为全年最高并出现水质超标污染。控制干旱内陆流域水域尤其是枯水期的 N、P污染，应成为干旱内陆流域水资源保护问题中值得关注的关键内容。