航空地球物理勘探资料微调平处理

航空物探测量中测线间水平往往存在差异,表现为沿测线方向的条带。调平处理旨在减少或消除测线间的水平差,是航空物探资料处理中的关键,对航空物探资料处理和解释具有重要作用。笔者以实际的航磁资料处理为例,详细介绍了航空物探资料微调平处理的原理与实现。微调平处理中首先通过方向滤波从原始资料中提取噪声网格,并按飞行测线提取噪声网格中的数据并分离有用的地质信息,最终将分离后的测线水平误差从原始资料中去除得到调平后资料,以此实现航空物探资料的微调平处理。同时,针对资料处理中遇到的诸如滤波器选取、异常分离阈值确定、最终调平效果检验等实际问题进行讨论,这对理解微调平并应用于实际资料处理均具有意义。     

一元非对称P范分布的极大似然平差

从测量误差的实际情况出发,提出一元非对称P范分布极大似然平差方法,建立该方法的数学模型,得到一元非对称P范分布的密度函数,利用极大似然估计方法推导参数估计值的基础方程.研究表明,结合实际测量数据,通过选择合适的参数估计值,可以增加误差分布模型选取的灵活性,便于P范分布理论在测绘数据处理中的推广应用.     

基于Kalman滤波的动力学模型误差估计算法

本文分析介绍了模型误差对滤波解和预报残差影响的表达式.随后,针对GPS/INS松组合导航系统观测信息无冗余的情况,给出了基于Kalman滤波的动力学模型误差估计算法.最后利用一个车载实测数据证明了算法的有效性.     

基于验后方差估计原理导出的选权迭代法剔除粗差

将抗差估计的思想融入到粗差探测的算法中,设计出对模型误差,特别是粗差具有抵抗能力的粗差探测算法.基于验后方差估计原理导出的选权迭代法即为抗差佑计的一种,首先是应用最小二乘法来计算观测值的参数x、残差V、协因数阵Qvv及单位权σ0 的初值,然后再根据残差和有关的参数,按所选择的权函数,计算每个观测值的权,经过迭代计算求得...     

Engineering vibration monitoring by GPS： long duration records

Monitoring the performance of any structure requires real-time measurements of the change of position of critical points.Different techniques can be used for this purpose,each one offering advantages and disadvantages.The technique based on satellite positioning systems(GPS,GLONASS and the future GALILEO)seems to be very promising at least for long period structures.The GPS in particular provides sampling rates that are able to track dynamic displacements with high accuracy.Its service ability is indepen...     

粗差验后方差的无偏估计与最优稳健估计

在正态粗差假设下导出了粗差验后方差的无偏估计,对误差工膨胀模型和误差均值移动模型,两者的无偏估计公式是相同的。这证明了李德仁验后方差的朱建军方差不是无偏的。由于偏方定义的彭方法是正态粗差假设下的最优稳健估计。     

Catastrophic and dangerous inflows to salt mines in Poland as related to the origin of water determined by isotope methods

 Tritium, ¹⁴C, δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O and δD measurements indicated as early as 1973 the existence of inflows of modern meteoric water to the Wapno salt mine in a Zechstein diapir. In spite of these early warnings, the continuation of improper exploitation led, in 1977, to sudden flooding of the mine followed by catastrophic land subsidence. The lesson learned from that catastrophe, as well as the results of isotope investigations performed in the Inowrocław salt mine, led to the decision to flood the mine artificially in order to avoid a similar land subsidence. The Kłodawa mine was not regarded to be in danger of flooding due to a thick clay cap. In fact, a large number of usually short-lasting water occurrences had the isotopic composition characteristic for evaporated ocean water. However, since 1956 an inflow has existed with δ¹⁸O and δD values close to that of pre-Quaternary saline waters and brines in the Mesozoic formations adjacent to the diapir. Two other inflows have recently occurred with the initial δ¹⁸O and δD values of modern waters. As a consequence, the mine is regarded to be in danger, and the exploitation of salt in the areas of inflows has been stopped. The Wieliczka mine, southern Poland, exploits Miocene salts overthrusted together with the Carpathian flysch from the south. The most dangerous and catastrophic inflows were caused by human errors. Isotope data show the water to be of glacial or Holocene age stored in Tertiary, slightly cemented rocks of low permeability, which neighbor the mine from the north. Owing to specific geology, the mine has survived for a long time, in spite of relatively large and long-lasting inflows. However, its existence is in permanent danger. Received: 7 March 1997 · Accepted: 17 November 1998     

全国地震通信网络系统建设中的若干技术问题

系统描述了全国地震通信网络系统构成和拓扑结构,简要介绍了在项目建设中遇到的一些关键技术问题,主要包括: 分组交换网(X.25)和路由器在联网中的应用;防火墙技术在全国地震通信网络中的应用;网络流量控制和记帐;域名管理和设置。     

经典选权迭代法研究与两步抗差估计的提出

随着权函数的不同出现了不同的抗差估计方法,相应不同的抗差估计方法在一定程度上存在着不足或者缺陷。详细地论述了几种经典的选权迭代抗差估计方法的不足,并从理论出发,提出了两步抗差方案。     

泰斯公式性态分析与误差估计方法

主要目的是分析在原始数据具有随机误差的情况下,利用泰斯公式进行正逆问题计算时,公式本身对误差的传递作用,即对泰斯公式的性态进行分析。研究中采用了函数对数据随机误差传递作用的随机性分析方法。通过较为简单的数学推导,建立了泰斯公式正逆计算问题的原始数据与计算结果所具有随机误差的统计参数之间的近似关系式,并推导出了两类计算问题的条件数。指出在u值较小的情况下,计算_的问题属于"病态"的;在u=0.438点及其附近,计算T的问题为"病态"的;在u值和_的相对误差与T的相对误差的比值很大的情况下,正问题为"病态"的。其它条件下的计算问题属于"良态"的。据此建议利用抽水试验后期资料计算T值,利用前期资料计算_值。另一方面,还提出了在原始数据的误差为已知的情况下,进行误差估计的方法。