Volume estimation of small scale debris flows based on observations of topographic changes using airborne LiDAR DEMs

This paper describes a geographic information system(GIS)-based method for observing changes in topography caused by the initiation, transport, and deposition of debris flows using highresolution light detection and ranging(LiDAR) digital elevation models(DEMs) obtained before and after the debris flow events. The paper also describes a method for estimating the volume of debris flows using the differences between the LiDAR DEMs. The relative and absolute positioning accuracies of the LiDAR DEMs were evaluated using a real-time precise global navigation satellite system(GNSS) positioning method. In addition, longitudinal and cross-sectional profiles of the study area were constructed to determine the topographic changes caused by the debris flows. The volume of the debris flows was estimated based on the difference between the LiDAR DEMs. The accuracies of the relative and absolute positioning of the two LiDAR DEMs were determined to be ±10 cm and ±11 cm RMSE, respectively, which demonstrates the efficiency of the method for determining topographic changes at an scale equivalent to that of field investigations. Based on the topographic changes, the volume of the debris flows in the study area was estimated to be 3747 m3, which is comparable with the volume estimated based on the data from field investigations.     

浅谈利用Google Earth结合MapGis软件制作地形图方法

利用Google Earth的三维模拟功能,通过不同海拔平面与地表的接触线来获得等高线,结合MapGis的编辑功能即可形成矢量化的地形图。经与实测地形图对比,两者山头、山谷、山脊、鞍部、高程及等高线形态基本相同,可做为野外工作及其它对地形图精度要求不高工作的参考资料。     

The ellipsoidal corrections to the topographic geoid effects

The topographic effects by Stokes formula are typically considered for a spherical approximation of sea level. For more precise determination of the geoid, sea level is better approximated by an ellipsoid, which justifies the consideration of the ellipsoidal corrections of topographic effects for improved geoid solutions. The aim of this study is to estimate the ellipsoidal effects of the combined topographic correction (direct plus indirect topographic effects) and the downward continuation effect. It is concluded that the ellipsoidal correction to the combined topographic effect on the geoid height is far less than 1 mm. On the contrary, the ellipsoidal correction to the effect of downward continuation of gravity anomaly to sea level may be significant at the 1-cm level in mountainous regions. Nevertheless, if Stokes formula is modified and the integration of gravity anomalies is limited to a cap of a few degrees radius around the computation point, nor this effect is likely to be significant.AcknowledgementsThe author is grateful for constructive remarks by J Ågren and the three reviewers.     

城市地形图数据库建设中若干关系处理的思考

城市地形图数据库建设是城市测绘部门的重要任务之一。本文回顾了地形图数据库建设的历史,分析了城市地形图数据库建设中存在的供求关系、生产和管理关系、各道工序间的关系、质量和效率的关系等4个关系及其解决办法。     

大地电磁测深二维地形影响及其校正方法研究

采用有限元法实现ＭＴ二维模型的正演模拟,将地形条件下的二维地电模型的ＭＴ响应分解为地形引起的畸变场和与测点高程位置有关的稳定场两部分进行分析。用有限元法模拟二维地形条件下地电结构的ＭＴ 响应和纯地形的ＭＴ响应,采用比值法消除地形引起的干扰场,然后,将消除地形影响后的视电阻率值通过延拓方法获水平地形条件下二维地电结构的视电阻率分布,完善大地电磁测深视电阻率曲线的地形校正。     

汶川地震同震滑坡物质在震区的滞留和运移及其对龙门山地形演化的影响

2008年M_W7.9汶川地震导致龙门山断裂发生强烈地壳变形,同时引发的巨量同震滑坡加速了该地区的地表剥蚀和河流侵蚀.然而,目前尚缺少系统的数据定量研究滑坡物质的运移以及河流侵蚀速率随时间的演化规律,这些对理解龙门山前缘物质的再分配以及强震对活动造山带地形塑造的作用至关重要.为此,本研究在汶川地震后的6年间,对震区沱江上游3条支流湔江、石亭江、绵远河流域进行了多期次的定点现代河沙采样.通过系统测量河沙中的石英¹⁰Be浓度,并与震前已发表的数据进行对比,发现如下基本特点：（1）震后河沙¹⁰Be浓度均有明显降低,表明同震滑坡物质对河沙的稀释作用;（2）震后河流对河沙的运移量增加为震前的1.3~18.5倍,因此震后龙门山地区侵蚀速率短期显著增加;（3）初步估计得到汶川地震产生的滑坡物质被完全运移出造山带所需要的时间至少为100~4000年,接近龙门山地区强震复发周期;（4）震间和同震产生的构造变形和地表剥蚀在空间上具有互补性.考虑到地表剥蚀引起的地壳均衡反弹效应,认为类似汶川地震的强震有利于龙门山的隆升.认识震前、震时和震后的地壳变形及侵蚀过程有助于更好地理解单次强震事件对高原边界龙门山地形演化的作用.     

A BRIEF REVIEW OF SEVERAL MODELS OF TOPOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION

With steady development of mathematical-physical models and computer technology, numerous methods of topographic simulation have emerged during the past decades. A major challenge in the modeling is how to accurately and efficiently describe processes of surface erosion at different spatial scales. This review focuses on the physical processes controlling surface erosion, including river erosion and hillslope erosion. Four popular models of topographic simulation (CASCADE, CHILD, FastScape and DAC models)and their applications are presented. Although these models have become more sophisticated in recent years, there are still some issues unsolved regarding the basics of the physical erosion processes. For example, some factors have not been taken into account, such as the impacts of changes in grain size and sediment budget during transportation on river erosion and the measurements of the rock erodibilities for various lithologies. Moreover, there is no topographic index that can be used to evaluate the modeling results. Therefore, it would be helpful to combine the models of topographic simulation with other numerical models, e.g. the low-temperature thermochronometric data modeling, to provide better constraints on the terrain modeling.     

Illumination effects on the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio's optimality for assessing fire severity

The influence of illumination effects on the optimality of the dNBR (differenced Normalized Burn Ratio) was evaluated for the case of the 2007 Peloponnese (Greece) wildfires using a pre/post-fire Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) image couple. Well-illuminated pixels (south and south-east facing slopes) exhibited more optimal displacements in the bi-spectral feature space than more shaded pixels (north and north-west exposed slopes). Moreover, pixels experiencing a small image-to-image difference in illumination obtained a higher optimality than pixels with a relatively large difference in illumination. To correct for illumination effects, the c-correction method and a modified c-correction technique were applied. The resulting median dNBR optimality of uncorrected, c-corrected and modified c-correction data was respectively 0.58, 0.60 and 0.71 (differences significant for p < 0.001). The original c-correction method improved the optimality of badly illuminated pixels while deteriorating the optimality of well-illuminated pixels. In contrast, the modified c-correction technique improved the optimality of all the pixels while retaining the prime characteristic of topographic correction techniques, i.e. detrending the illumination–reflectance relationship. For a minority of the data, for shaded pixels and/or pixels with a high image-to-image difference in illumination, the original c-correction outperformed the modified c-correction technique. In this study conducted in rugged terrain and with a bi-temporal image acquisition scheme that deviated up to two months from the ideal anniversary date scheme the modified c-correction technique resulted in a more reliable change detection.     

RTK技术在老挝甘蒙省钾盐矿勘查区地形图修测中的应用

以老挝人民民主共和国甘蒙省钾盐矿勘查区1∶50000地形图修测项目实例,介绍GPS RTK技术的基本原理和工作流程,总结出这种技术的优势所在以及实践操作中应该注意到的问题。     

Effects of a sill on selective withdrawal through a point sink in a linearly stratified fluid

Reservoir topography has significant effects on mechanism of selective withdrawal. We study selective withdrawal of a linearly stratified fluid through a point sink in a long rectangular reservoir with a sill at the bed experimentally and analytically. Experiments were conducted for various flow rates and sill heights to evaluate their effects on withdrawal layer in the inertial-buoyancy regime. Transition to the steady state is discussed in terms of dynamics of shear waves over the sill. The results show that in presence of a sill the withdrawal layer is thicker and higher in elevation. For flows controlled at the sill crest, the withdrawal layer thickness in the point-sink flow is almost equal to that in the similar line-sink flow. We propose an analytical relation for the withdrawal layer thickness in presence of a sill and confirm it by experiments.