Surface Wave Group Velocity Tomography Imaging from Ambient Noise for Fujian Province and Its Adjacent Areas

Two-month continuous waveforms of 108 broadband seismic stations in Fujian Province and its adjacent areas are used to compute noise cross-correlation function (NCF). The signal quality of NCF is improved via the application of time-frequency phase weighted stacking. The Rayleigh and Love waves group velocities between 1s-20s are measured on the symmetrical component of the NCF with the multiple filter method. More than 5,000 Rayleigh wave dispersion curves and about 4,000 Love wave dispersion curves are obtained and used to invert for group velocity maps. This data set provides about 50km resolution that is demonstrated with checkerboard tests. Considering the off great circle effect in inhomogeneous medium, the ray path is traced based on the travel time field computed with a finite difference method. The inverted group velocity maps show good correlation with the geological features in the upper and middle crust. The Fuzhou basin and Zhangzhou basin showed low velocity on the short period group velocity maps. On the long period group velocity maps, the low velocity anomaly in the high heat flow region near Zhangzhou and clear velocity contrast across the Zhenghe-Dapu faults, which suggests that the Zhenghe-Dapu fault might be a deep fault.     

三峡库区上地壳三维速度结构的双差层析成像研究

本文利用三峡水库诱发地震遥测台网22个子台在2009年初至2016年底期间记录的2093个地震事件直达P、S波到时数据,采用双差层析成像方法联合反演了三峡水库库区及近邻地区上地壳P波三维速度结构,并讨论了库水渗透对速度结构的影响和库区地震活动与速度结构的关系.研究结果表明三峡库区上地壳存在着明显的沉积盖层与结晶基底层的双层结构,两个层的深度与P波速度结构与前人的研究结果基本一致,黄陵背斜西侧当前仍然存在较明显的低速异常区.上地壳浅表层P波速度结构横向差异变化较大,0~5 km深度层P波高速区主要分布在秭归盆地及周缘,8 km深度层高速区主要分布在周家山-牛口断裂东侧至仙女山断裂中段西侧一带,8 km内的高低速区分布与11 km深度层比较存在明显差异.与三峡水库蓄水前与蓄水初期比较,当前库区上地壳沉积盖层内的P波速度结构受到蓄水渗透的影响较明显,主要表现为0~8 km深度内秭归盆地及周缘的水库近岸区存在较大范围高速区,这一现象可能与库水长期渗透改变了上地壳沉积盖层内岩层孔隙裂隙的物理性质从而使地震P波速度增加有关.三峡库区地震事件重新定位后显示,较大地震事件主要分布在P波高速区或高低速区交界地带,而低速区内通常很少发生地震.     

Seismic depth imaging of iron-oxide deposits and their host rocks in the Ludvika mining area of central Sweden

The development of cost-effective and environmentally acceptable geophysical methods for the exploration of mineral resources is a challenging task. Seismic methods have the potential to delineate the mineral deposits at greater depths with sufficiently high resolution. In hardrock environments, which typically host the majority of metallic mineral deposits, seismic depth-imaging workflows are challenged by steeply dipping structures, strong heterogeneity and the related wavefield scattering in the overburden as well as the often limited signal-to-noise ratio of the acquired data. In this study, we have developed a workflow for imaging a major iron-oxide deposit at its accurate position in depth domain while simultaneously characterizing the near-surface glacial overburden including surrounding structures like crossing faults at high resolution. Our workflow has successfully been showcased on a 2D surface seismic legacy data set from the Ludvika mining area in central Sweden acquired in 2016. We applied focusing prestack depth-imaging techniques to obtain a clear and well-resolved image of the mineralization down to over 1000 m depth. In order to account for the shallow low-velocity layer within the depth-imaging algorithm, we carefully derived a migration velocity model through an integrative approach. This comprised the incorporation of the tomographic near-surface model, the extension of the velocities down to the main reflectors based on borehole information and conventional semblance analysis. In the final step, the evaluation and update of the velocities by investigation of common image gathers for the main target reflectors were used. Although for our data set the reflections from the mineralization show a strong coherency and continuity in the seismic section, reflective structures in a hardrock environment are typically less continuous. In order to image the internal structure of the mineralization and decipher the surrounding structures, we applied the concept of reflection image spectroscopy to the data, which allows the imaging of wavelength-specific characteristics within the reflective body. As a result, conjugate crossing faults around the mineralization can directly be imaged in a low-frequency band while the internal structure was obtained within the high-frequency bands.     

Windowless Q-factor tomography by the instantaneous frequency

The estimation of the Q factor of rocks by seismic surveys is a powerful tool for reservoir characterization, as it helps detecting possible fractures and saturating fluids. Seismic tomography allows building 3D macro-models for the Q factor, using methods as the spectral ratio and the frequency shift. Both these algorithms require windowing the seismic signal accurately in the time domain; however, this process can hardly follow the continuous variations of the wavelet length as a function of offset and propagation effects, and it is biased by the interpreter choice. In this paper, we highlight some drawback of signal windowing in the frequency-shift method, and introduce a tomographic approach to estimate the Q factor using the complex attributes of the seismic trace. We show that such approach is particularly needed when the dispersion is broadening the waveforms of signals with a long wave-path. Our method still requires an interpretative event picking, but no other parameters as the time window length and its possible smoothing options. We validate the new method with synthetic and real data examples, involving the joint tomographic inversion of direct and reflected signals. We show that a calibration of the frequency-shift method is needed to improve the estimation of the absolute Q factor, otherwise only relative contrasts are obtained.     

采空区地震与电法探测数据的联合反演研究及应用

综合地球物理技术在采空区的探测中发挥了重要作用.目前通常采用单方法反演、仅对不同方法反演结果进行对比解释的综合勘探方式,单方法反演的多解性严重降低了其探测精度.如何提高采空区的探测精度,对采空区进行有效探测一直被认为是地球物理技术面临的首要难题.为了提高地震与电法技术的探测精度,基于交叉梯度联合反演理论,设计了地震初至折射走时数据和高密度电法数据的联合反演算法流程,对采空区理论模型和野外实际数据进行了联合反演处理.结果发现通过两者的联合反演,不仅可以提高采空区电阻率反演模型的成像效果,而且能够获得地震单方法反演难以成像的采空区低速异常体,从而提高了地震与电法技术对采空区的探测精度.表明地震与电法探测数据联合反演是一种提高采空区探测精度的有效方法.     

Numerical simulation and development of data inversion in borehole ultrasonic imaging

The major function of underground nuclear waste disposal is to avoid the migration of radionucleides towards the biosphere during their active period. This function can be deteriorated by the EDZ (excavated damaged zone) around the excavation. The EDZ analysis is therefore crucial in the performance assessment of the storage. The paper deals with the determination of the EDZ around a nuclear waste storage cavity using borehole ultrasonic imaging (azimuthal tomography). Indeed, before processing experimental data obtained with this tool, it is necessary to establish that data can be satisfactorily inverted. This analysis is based on a method that is able to sound and image the rock mass velocity field. The velocity field is numerically simulated (3D geomechanical modeling) based on an assumption on the relationship between stress and velocity fields. In order to evaluate a radial velocity profile starting from inter-sensor distance and their corresponding traveltimes, different ray tracing algorithms are tested using synthetic data. These tests led to a simple and fast approach (implemented in a Mathematica package) to process a large quantity of data.     

山西地区面波相速度分布图像

本文根据山西数字地震台网31个台站和周边河北、河南、陕西、内蒙数字地震台网6个台站2009年2月-2011年11月记录的面波资料,利用双台法测定了350条路径上周期8～75 s的基阶瑞利波相速度频散曲线.通过Ditmar&Yanovskaya方法反演得到33个周期分辨率为40～50 km的相速度分布图像.分析研究了4个具有代表性周期的相速度分布图像和3条不同方向的相速度剖面,这些图像揭示了山西地区地壳上地慢速度结构的横向非均匀性质和相速度纵向变化特征.10s周期的相速度分布图像显示出断陷带与两侧隆起区相速度存在明显的差异,凡个断陷盆地的最大沉降中心附近呈现低相速度异常;山西6级以上强震大都分布在15s周期高相速度与低相速度急剧变化的过渡带上;20～26 s周期的相速度以38°N为界呈现出南高北低格局,与山西断陷盆地带莫霍界面埋深南浅北深的结果相吻合;36 s～54 s周期相速度图像的低速区域逐渐收缩到大同一带,进一步说明南部区域在该周期反映的深度范围已进入上地慢,而大同盆地的低速可能与该区域的新生代火山群有关.沿113°E的南北相速度纵剖面显示周期25～75 s以38°N为界,南部相速度高、北部相速度低,证实了38°N线附近是晋北地块、晋南地块的“软”、“硬”块体的结合部位,可能是由于软流圈上涌幅度不同造成了深部速度的南北差异;其他两个横切裂谷的剖面显示出与人工地震测深剖面相似的特征.     

Local tomography troposphere model over mountains area

The term GNSS meteorology refers to the utilization of the Global Navigation Satellite System's (GNSS) radio signals to derive information about the state of the troposphere. GNSS tomography allows to resolve the spatial structure and temporal behavior of the tropospheric water vapor. This paper presents the verification of GNSS tomography over dense local GNSS network. The paper addresses the problem of obtaining a stable tomographic solution from an ill-conditioned system of linear equations. The main interests are in suitable horizontal and vertical resolution in given conditions. Here the Moore–Penrose pseudo inverse of variance–covariance matrix is used. The minimum constraints solution is obtained with no additional assumptions. The results are validated with the help of simulated weather conditions. Three various scenarios are tested. As general output of this paper the optimal model construction scheme is presented with possible further improvements. The verification of the tomography model based on the local GPS KARKONOSZE, situated in the Karkonosze mountains area in Poland.     

电流线追踪电位电阻率层析成像方法初探

电阻率层析成像技术尽管已有了一些比较好的结果，但从国内外发表的文章可以看出，基本上采用的都是有限元方法，而电阻率层析成像的核心问题也就是雅可比矩阵的求取问题。有限元方法能够很好地实现该问题的求解，但需要的计算机内存及计算时间相当的大，为此我们类比地震学中走时射线追踪技术，开展了电流线追踪电位电阻率层析成像方法研究。