琼西北地区的基底速度图象

利用人工地震测深纵剖面和非纵剖面的资料,对琼西北地区P_g波的走时进行了层析反演,对比了代数重建法和同时迭代重建法的效果.综合了纵剖面的模型后,在三维弯曲界面上重建了基底速度图象,探讨了用射线椭圆评价分辨的途径. 层析成象结果给出了许多有价值的信息,揭示琼西北的结晶基底存在三条北东向断裂和两条北西向断裂,后者是继承性的活动断裂,控制着新生代次级断块的发展与火山活动.地表所推断的东西向王五-文教深大断裂,在该处只呈断续隐伏状显示.该区的基底存在儋县、临高和光村三个高速区,主要反映着基性岩体或花岗侵入体.基底整体性最好的是在儋县-王五地区,破碎程度最严重的是在王五-中和-光村以西的地区.     

沿河开发建筑场地之隐伏沙洞的电阻率层析成像

采用电阻率层析成像二维测量的方法,对河南省三门峡市沿河开发的建筑场地进行了勘探,获取了地下隐伏沙洞的准确位置、埋藏深度、含水情况、尺寸大小等。说明电阻率层析成像二维测量的方法在地下隐伏沙洞的探测中是行之有效的;地下隐伏沙洞在没有水体存在时,电阻率层析成像二维测量成果图中反映的一般都是高阻异常封闭圈。如果有水体存在,其异常则表现为低阻异常封闭圈。     

首都圈地区地壳P波和S波三维速度结构及其与大地震的关系

选用华北地震遥测台网和首都圈数字化地震遥测台网1993～2005年记录的2866个地震事件中的33487条P波和31822条S波的到时资料,计算得到了水平分辨率25km到50km之间的首都圈地区（385°N～41°N, 114°E～120°E）地壳三维P波和S波速度结构,并进一步获得泊松比分布.研究表明,首都圈地区P波和S波速度分布表现出强烈的横向不均匀性,浅层速度分布同地表地质结构分布相一致.分析得出震区强震多发生在低速体与高速体之间、低泊松比地区,且震源下部存在低速、高泊松比异常体.经过与其他地区研究结果相比较,对地震触发与流体的关系进行了探讨.流体在地震孕育及触发的过程中可能起着重要作用.     

旋转运动在地震学中的应用概述

旋转地震学是研究由天然地震、爆破和周围环境振动引起的地面旋转运动的新兴学科。对于它的研究不仅有助于对质点运动(平移运动、旋转运动和形变)进行完整的描述,而且对广义地球物理学,如强地面运动地震学、地震工程学、地震物理学、地震仪器等的研究也有重要指导意义。本文系统介绍了旋转运动在地震学中4个方面的应用。首先,介绍基于平移运动和旋转运动的共同测量,得出了计算远震瑞利波和勒夫波相速度的理论公式,并以西伯利亚地震为例,得出台站附近的相速度结构;其次,利用环形激光仪仅对地震SH波敏感的特性,分离P波和S波,分辨海洋噪声和面波,确定海洋噪声的反方位角;然后,介绍利用旋转传感器对自由振荡的长周期环形模式的观测;最后,对包含旋转观测量的多参数反演问题的重要性和实用性进行了阐述,并分析了旋转地震学研究现存的问题。     

New insights from legacy seismic data: reprocessing of legacy 2D seismic data for imaging of iron-oxide mineralization near Sishen Mine,South Africa

Two overlapping legacy seismic profiles, 130 km long end to end, were shot in the 1990s over the Kuruman Hills on the western margin of the Kaapvaal Craton in southern Africa. The 6-s profiles were aimed at investigating the crustal structure of the western Kaapvaal Craton as well as to locate potential continuation of the Witwatersrand gold-bearing horizons beneath the cover rocks, the latter of which was unsuccessful. In this study, the legacy seismic data are reprocessed and used to image the iron-oxide (mainly haematite) mineralization found in the Kuruman Formation of the Griqualand-West Supergroup, which outcrops along the two seismic profiles. The seismic profiles are located close to the Sishen open pit iron mine, where one of the world's largest iron ore concentrations (986 Mt) is mined. The reprocessed and merged seismic data are combined with magnetic, magnetotelluric, borehole and outcrop data to constrain the interpretation, and all indicate the mineralization host rocks to have ∼500 m thickness and 950 m depth. The seismic data further reveal seismic reflections associated with multiple iron ore horizons, which are affected by a first-order scale syncline and numerous near-vertically dipping (∼65–80°) normal and reverse faults of various orientations and throws, thus providing insight into the structurally controlled iron ore mineralization in the area. Seismic tomography and magnetotellurics characterize the sediments to have a velocity ranging between 5000 and 6000 m/s and a resistivity of <10 Ωm. The seismic imaging of the syncline and associated structural disruptions is important for future mining purposes and plans in the area as these structures might have preserved iron-oxide mineralization from erosion. The reprocessed data thus provide information that could be incorporated in potential future underground mine planning in the area, improving the resource evaluation of the iron-oxide deposit. Legacy seismic data are thus shown to hold intrinsic quality and possible untapped potential that can be realized via data reprocessing.     

The inversion of data from very large three-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography mobile surveys

New developments in mobile resistivity meter instrumentation have made it possible to survey large areas with dense data coverage. The mobile system usually has a limited number of electrodes attached to a cable that is pulled along behind an operator so that a large area can be covered within a short time. Such surveys can produce three-dimensional datasets with hundreds of thousands of electrodes positions and data points. Similarly, the inverse model used to interpret the data can have several hundred thousand cells. It is impractical to model such large datasets within a reasonable time on microcomputers used by many small companies employing standard inversion techniques. We describe a model segmentation technique that subdivides the finite-element mesh used to calculate the apparent resistivity and Jacobian matrix values into a number of smaller meshes. A fast technique that optimizes the calculation of the Jacobian matrix values for multi-channel systems was also developed. A one-dimensional wavelet transform method was then used to compress the storage of the Jacobian matrix, in turn reducing the computer time and memory required to solve the least-squares optimization equation to determine the inverse model resistivity values. The new techniques reduce the calculation time and memory required by more than 80% while producing models that differ by less than 1% from that obtained using the standard inversion technique with a single mesh. We present results using a synthetic model and a field dataset that illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.     

中国东南部P波速度结构与构造分析

利用中国东南部地震台站的波形数据,通过远震P波层析成像方法反演了福建及台湾地区的上地幔P波速度结构,据此分析了华夏块体的构造属性并探讨了中国东南部上地幔的深部动力学机制.结果表明,研究区上地幔速度结构存在明显的横向非均匀性,它们与区域构造的深部动力学成因密切相关.宏观上,NE向展布的低速异常与东南沿海地区中新生代火成岩的条带状分布保持了较好的一致性,推测其上地幔可能存在幔源物质上涌;以政和—大埔断裂带为界,东、西华夏块体的速度结构存在差异,结合前人的研究结果分析,东、西华夏块体岩石圈减薄和中新生代岩浆活动的驱动机制有所不同,西华夏块体为“板块俯冲+岩浆底侵(岩石圈拆沉)”的动力学模式,东华夏块体是“玄武质岩浆迁移+岩浆底侵”的动力学模式.     

子宫及子宫肌瘤多层螺旋CT灌注成像的初步研究

目的:探讨子宫多层螺旋CT灌注成像的方法及其在评价子宫肌瘤血流灌注状态中的应用.方法:对17例受检者先行盆腔常规平扫,然后对选定层面采用MultiScan序列进行多层螺旋CT灌注扫描,应用Perfusion CT软件包对灌注图像进行后处理,测量并记录子宫肌瘤(n＝18)及正常子宫肌层(n＝17)的血流量、血容量及达峰时间.结果:所有病例子宫多层螺旋CT灌注成像均获得成功;灌注成像显示子宫肌瘤灌注高于正常子宫肌层(t＝3.540,P＝0.001),子宫肌瘤的血流量、血容量及达峰时间分别为(54.87±19.09)ml·100g-1·min-1、(12.41±4.07)%和(18.61±5.31)s.正常子宫肌层的血流量、血容量及达峰时间分别为(32.82±17.68)ml·100g-1·min-1、(8.78±6.25)%和(20.64±5.71)s.结论:多层螺旋CT灌注成像为定量检测子宫及子宫肌瘤血流灌注状态提供了一种新的影像学方法.     

Local tomography troposphere model over mountains area

The term GNSS meteorology refers to the utilization of the Global Navigation Satellite System's (GNSS) radio signals to derive information about the state of the troposphere. GNSS tomography allows to resolve the spatial structure and temporal behavior of the tropospheric water vapor. This paper presents the verification of GNSS tomography over dense local GNSS network. The paper addresses the problem of obtaining a stable tomographic solution from an ill-conditioned system of linear equations. The main interests are in suitable horizontal and vertical resolution in given conditions. Here the Moore–Penrose pseudo inverse of variance–covariance matrix is used. The minimum constraints solution is obtained with no additional assumptions. The results are validated with the help of simulated weather conditions. Three various scenarios are tested. As general output of this paper the optimal model construction scheme is presented with possible further improvements. The verification of the tomography model based on the local GPS KARKONOSZE, situated in the Karkonosze mountains area in Poland.     

Numerical simulation and development of data inversion in borehole ultrasonic imaging

The major function of underground nuclear waste disposal is to avoid the migration of radionucleides towards the biosphere during their active period. This function can be deteriorated by the EDZ (excavated damaged zone) around the excavation. The EDZ analysis is therefore crucial in the performance assessment of the storage. The paper deals with the determination of the EDZ around a nuclear waste storage cavity using borehole ultrasonic imaging (azimuthal tomography). Indeed, before processing experimental data obtained with this tool, it is necessary to establish that data can be satisfactorily inverted. This analysis is based on a method that is able to sound and image the rock mass velocity field. The velocity field is numerically simulated (3D geomechanical modeling) based on an assumption on the relationship between stress and velocity fields. In order to evaluate a radial velocity profile starting from inter-sensor distance and their corresponding traveltimes, different ray tracing algorithms are tested using synthetic data. These tests led to a simple and fast approach (implemented in a Mathematica package) to process a large quantity of data.