瓦斯抽采履带式坑道钻机的研制与应用

目前煤矿井下瓦斯抽采用全液压动力头式钻机以分体式为主,钻机搬迁费时费力,钻孔施工效率较低,履带式钻机的研制有效地解决了这一问题。从4种新型履带式坑道钻机的研制及现场应用情况看,采用整体式履带车载结构,可在井下自行搬迁,方便快捷,工人劳动强度低;机身倾角调整方便省力,钻机固定安全可靠;钻机设计参数合理,配套高强度钻杆处理卡钻事故的能力强;采用全液压驱动,各执行机构既可实现联动,又可单独控制工作;液压系统采用多泵系统,可独立调节各机构工作参数、转速和扭矩无级调整;采用具有节能效果的负载敏感技术,泵控变量便于实现远程控制,符合钻进工况特性要求,可满足煤矿坑道不同孔深钻探施工需求。     

2014年夏季南海北部浮游植物群落结构

2014年8月20日-9月6日对南海北部(18°~22°N,114°~116°E)的11个站位进行了浮游植物群落结构的调查,其中2个站位为时间连续站。共鉴定出浮游植物4门68属229种(包括变种、变型及未定种),其中硅藻门43属147种,甲藻门20属75种。浮游植物平均细胞丰度为16.318×103 cells/L,硅藻的平均细胞丰度为14.653×103 cells/L,占总丰度的89.80%,硅藻的分布决定了浮游植物的分布。近岸冲淡水含有丰富的营养盐,因此近岸海域的细胞丰度高于大洋海域,垂直分布表现出先增加后降低的趋势。本次调查的优势种为铁氏束毛藻(Trichodesmium thiebautii)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、拟脆杆藻(Fragilariopsis sp.)、短孢角毛藻(Chaetoceros brevis)、菱形海线藻(Thalassionema nitzschioides)、柔弱伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima)、尖刺伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)、扁面角毛藻(Chaetoceros compressus)、洛氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros lorenzianus)以及海洋角毛藻(Chaetoceros pelagicus),各优势种的分布趋势相似,呈现出近岸高于外海的趋势。Shannon-Weiner多样性指数与Pielou均匀度指数的平均值分别为2.37和0.56。浮游植物昼夜垂直变化明显。典范对应分析结果显示浮游植物空间分布主要受总氮盐、硅酸盐、微型浮游动物与盐度的影响。根据细胞丰度进行的站位的聚类分析显示浮游植物群落明显可划分为近岸群聚与大洋群聚。     

“羊D1”油气勘探井井控装置的连接设计

在地质勘探钻井中一般不需要进行井口压力控制。辽西金羊盆地“羊D1” 钻井采用地质勘探井的钻井工艺方法进行油气勘探,需要预备有井口压力控制措施。地质钻井设备和井控装置如何耦合是本文讨论的重点。以该井为例,介绍了用全液压岩心钻机全孔金刚石绳索取心钻进工艺施工油气勘探井的施工工艺。钻进中综合考虑了YDX-6型全液压岩心钻机平台的下方空间尺寸、井身结构设计以及本钻井的井口压力控制等要求,选择和设计了一套满足小口径取心钻探施工要求的井控装置。     

地基可见光全天空云图云量图像处理识别方法

为增强地基可见光全天空云图中云与天空的特征和区别,提高云检测率,基于图像复原和图像增强技术提出一种改善云图质量的方法。该方法采用暗通道去雾算法进行图像复原;采用亮度直方图均衡增强图像纹理细节;综合两种方法,先图像复原,再图像增强。按低能见度薄云、低能见度厚云、高能见度薄云、高能见度厚云4种情况分别进行讨论,结果表明:除高能见度薄云采用单一的图像复原使云检测效果降低外,图像复原和图像增强都能使云检测和云量识别准确率提高;综合二者,云检测和云量识别准确率进一步提高;该方法对薄云和低能见度云图的改善最为显著。     

Matrix isolation technique for the study of some factors affecting the partitioning of trace elements

Some of the factors that affect the preferred positions of cations in ionic-solid solutions were investigated utilizing vibrational spectroscopy. Solid solutions of the sulfate and chromate ions codoped with La³⁺ and Ca²⁺ in a KBr host lattice were examined as a function of the polyvalent-cation concentration. The cation—anion pairing process was found to be random for Ca²⁺ whereas the formation of La³⁺SO₄^2? ion-pairs with a C_2v bonding geometry is highly preferential to any type of La³⁺CrO₄^2? ion-pair formation. The relative populations of ion-pair site configurations are discussed in terms of an energy—entropy competition which can be applied to the partition of trace elements during magmatic processes.     

A low resolution map of Europa from four occultations by Io

Analysis of three occultations of JII (Europa) by JI (Io) has resulted in a preliminary reflectivity map of JII for the hemisphere centered on longitude 324°, a measurement of 1483±20 km for the radius of JII, estimates of the event impact parameters, determination of the mid event times, and a visual geometric albedo, p_ν = 0.74, for JII. A fourth occultation light curve was used after derivation of the results to confirm their validity.     

Intercomparison of different methods for the determination of trace metals in seawater

During a cruise on the North Sea and the North East Atlantic, about 90 samples were obtained from various depths. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy after separation/concentration using two different extraction methods. One, using APDC and MIBK, was applied directly on board while the other, using a mixture of dithiocarbamates and freon, was applied after storage under acid conditions. About half of the samples were also analysed for cadmium, copper and lead using ASV. The results of these determinations are intercompared. Consistent results were obtained for cadmium with the two extraction methods and for lead with the freon extraction method and ASV. In the other cases discrepancies were found.     

A priori determination of valid control sites: An example using marine meiobenthic nematodes

Proper control sites for nematode abundance, patch size and patch dispersion could not be defined prior to a manipulative oil pollution experiment despite the apparent physical similarity and proximity of two locations. Comparisons of abundance and patch size demonstrated that neither site could serve as a control for the other. Spectral analysis was not useful, in this case, in resolving patch dispersion in the range of 1·2 to 60 cm. These data indicated that in circumstances where a posteriori studies comparing two areas cannot be avoided, it is only with great caution that a single factor should be interpreted as causative of observed densities or distribution of organisms.     

Investigation of a eutrophic tidal basin: part 2nutrients and environmental aspects

The eutrophication of Langstone Harbour, a large tidal basin, has been studied by statistically designed nutrient surveys. Rates of input of nutrients from the sea, from effluent discharges and from other sources, have been estimated. Sediment/water interactions have been shown to be important in the phosphate budget of the basin, but they are less important in the nitrogen budget. Deductions were made about the relative importance of the various inputs and processes affecting concentrations of nutrients in the water column.It is concluded that ecologically or aesthetically detrimental growths of macroalgae are unlikely to occur in Langstone Harbour in the foreseeable future and that the removal of nutrient inputs, formerly thought to be necessary, will not, in fact, be required.The principles of the experimental design and of interpreting the data are of general applicability to tidal waters where the ratio of natural to man-made inputs needs to be known, where eutrophication is, or is expected to become, a problem, or where the progressive accumulation of nutrients by recycling is suspected.     

A chemical investigation of the transport and fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in littoral and benthic environments: The TSESIS oil spill

The fate of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons discharged into the coastal Baltic Sea environment from the TSESIS oil spill has been studied in the acute and postacute (one year) phases of the spill. Periodic samples of Mytilus edulis (mussels) from eight littoral zone stations and Macoma balthica from nine soft bottom stations were obtained as well as sediment trap samples and surface sediment samples. Glass capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatographic mass spectrometry were used as the analytical tools to determine saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon composition and concentrations in these samples.Sediment trap samples indicated that sizable quantities of chemically and microbially weathered oil were sedimented, and available for benthic uptake shortly after the spill. After initial uptake of sedimented oil (500 to 1000 μ/g dry weight), Macoma populations appear to have begun slow depuration through the first winter after the spill, but TSESIS oil was again introduced to the benthic stations studied during the following summer. Mytilus populations in the region were severely impacted by the oil. Initial depuration of spilled oil during the first month was rapid and nearly complete at all but the most heavily impacted stations one year after the spill. The post-spill depuration of assimilated hydrocarbons was characterised by a relative retention of alkylated dibenzothiophenes and alkylated phenanthrenes compared to their unsubstituted parent compounds and compared with the entire homologous naphthalene series.These data suggest that petroleum hydrocarbons from the TSESIS spill have become a chronic source of degraded saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons to the soft bottom benthic communities. Petroleum hydrocarbons in the benthic environment from this spill appear to reside in the difficulty sampled and mobile flucculent layer at the sediment/water interface and may affect epifaunal communities for an extended period of time.