基于线粒体控制区序列的花斑蛇鲻遗传多态性分析

花斑蛇鲻(Saurida undosquamis)是一种重要的底层经济鱼类, 本研究利用线粒体控制区(D-loop区)序列分析了中国近海分布的花斑蛇鲻的遗传结构和遗传多样性, 一共测定了6个地理群体129尾样本的D-loop区全序列。结果显示, 全长为921bp的序列包含71个多态性位点, 共检测到101个单倍型。花斑蛇鲻总体呈现很高的单倍型多样性(0.9873 ± 0.0048)和较低的核苷酸多样性(0.0132 ± 0.0067)的特征。基于邻接法构建的单倍型系统发育树的拓扑结构很浅, 没有形成分化明显的支系。单倍型在各个地理群体中的分布呈分散交叉状态, 表明地理群体间没有显著的遗传分化。6个群体的分子方差分析显示, 花斑蛇鲻绝大部分的遗传变异(99.87%)来源于群体内的个体之间, 而群体间的变异仅占0.13%。大部分地理群体之间的遗传分化指数(F_ST)均很小, 揭示了群体间的基因交流很频繁, 存在高度的遗传同质性。这些研究结果表明中国近海的花斑蛇鲻遗传多样性丰富, 没有明显的遗传分化, 是一个随机交配群, 可以作为同一个渔业单元来管理。     

The effect of leaf-on and leaf-off forest canopy conditions on LiDAR derived estimations of forest structural diversity

Forest structural diversity metrics describing diversity in tree size and crown shape within forest stands can be used as indicators of biodiversity. These diversity metrics can be generated using airborne laser scanning (LiDAR) data to provide a rapid and cost effective alternative to ground-based inspection. Measures of tree height derived from LiDAR can be significantly affected by the canopy conditions at the time of data collection, in particular whether the canopy is under leaf-on or leaf-off conditions, but there have been no studies of the effects on structural diversity metrics. The aim of this research is to assess whether leaf-on/leaf-off changes in canopy conditions during LiDAR data collection affect the accuracy of calculated forest structural diversity metrics. We undertook a quantitative analysis of LiDAR ground detection and return height, and return height diversity from two airborne laser scanning surveys collected under leaf-on and leaf-off conditions to assess initial dataset differences. LiDAR data were then regressed against field-derived tree size diversity measurements using diversity metrics from each LiDAR dataset in isolation and, where appropriate, a mixture of the two. Models utilising leaf-off LiDAR diversity variables described DBH diversity, crown length diversity and crown width diversity more successfully than leaf-on (leaf-on models resulted in R² values of 0.66, 0.38 and 0.16, respectively, and leaf-off models 0.67, 0.37 and 0.23, respectively). When LiDAR datasets were combined into one model to describe tree height diversity and DBH diversity the models described 75% and 69% of the variance (R² of 0.75 for tree height diversity and 0.69 for DBH diversity). The results suggest that tree height diversity models derived from airborne LiDAR, collected (and where appropriate combined) under any seasonal conditions, can be used to differentiate between simple single and diverse multiple storey forest structure with confidence.     

毛乌素沙地锦鸡儿（Caragana）根系微域细菌群落多样性特征

基于16S rRNA高通量基因测序技术,对毛乌素沙地小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla)、柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）根系微域（即根系、根际土、根区土、灌丛间空白土）间的细菌群落多样性和结构差异性进行表征。本研究对各根系微域间细菌群落的Alpha多样性指数进行了单因素方差分析以及基于OTU水平的PCA分析,探究其在根系微域间Alpha和Beta多样性的层级变化,证实了有关植物根系微域生态位分化的报道,并发现锦鸡儿属植物根系微域间细菌群落的多样性和结构组成随着4个微域类型由外及内呈现出显著的层级差异性（P<0.05）。通过对优势细菌群组的结构组成分析,发现锦鸡儿属植物对特定细菌群组具有显著的向根系内筛选富集的作用（P<0.05）。这种植物通过根系微域对特定细菌群组的逐级筛选富集作用,是导致锦鸡儿属植物灌丛下不同生态位间细菌群落结构和组成发生层级变异的主要原因。     

琼州海峡岸礁潮间带生物

本文记录了2000年7月琼州海峡西口雷州半岛灯楼角珊瑚岸礁调查采集的25种造礁石珊瑚，以及栖息于湖间带的7类39科88种底栖生物，其大多数种类属于印度-西太平洋热带区系。优势类群是软体动物和节肢动物。珊瑚礁段底栖生物的平均生物量、栖息密度和多样性值分别为1173．30g／m^2，790．0个／m^2和5．69，由于造礁石珊瑚的存在为其他底栖生物提供了良好的生态环境，从而丰富了本区底栖生物的种类组成、数量、分布和群落结构。     

Effects of pulsed nutrient inputs on phytoplankton assemblage structure and blooms in an enclosed coastal area

The response of phytoplankton assemblage structure to terrestrial nutrient inputs was examined for the Gulf of Kalloni in the Northern Aegean Sea, a productive semi-enclosed coastal marine ecosystem. The study was focused on a typical annual cycle, and emphasis was placed on the comparative analysis between blooms developing after significant nutrient inputs from the watershed, and naturally occurring blooms. Baseline information was collected on a monthly basis from a network of stations located in the oligotrophic open sea and the interior and more productive part of the embayment. Intensive sampling was also carried out along a gradient in the vicinity of a river which was the most important source of freshwater and nutrient input for the Gulf. Phytoplankton assemblage structure was analyzed from 188 samples using diversity indices (Shannon and Average Taxonomic Distinctness), multivariate plotting methods (NMDS), multivariate statistics (PERMANOVA), and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Three characteristic assemblages were recognized: (1) an autumn assemblage developed under nutrient depleted conditions, having low diversity due to the dominance of two small diatoms, (2) a winter bloom of the potentially toxic species Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha occurring immediately after a nutrient peak and characterized by very low diversity, and (3) a naturally occurring early summer bloom of centric diatoms with relatively high diversity. The results of the study support the view that moderate nutrient inputs may have a beneficial effect on the functioning of coastal ecosystems, stimulating the taxonomic diversity through the growth of different taxonomic groups and taxa. On the other hand, a sudden pulse of high nutrient concentrations may greatly affect the natural succession of organisms, have a negative effect on the diversity through the dominance of a single species, and can increase the possibility of a harmful algal bloom development.     

Characterization of marine microplankton communities of Qingdao coastal areas using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA（RAPD）

Microplankton communities of three coastal sites of Qingdao, Shandong Province, China were investigated using RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) molecular markers and morphological observations. Eight RAPD-primers were selected to amplify the DNA polymorphy. The genetic distances inferred from the pairwise similari-ties were calculated for the phylogenetic tree construction. Meantime, the traditional microscopic determination, a way of visualizing the species composition, was performed to detect the major taxa of microplanktons from all samples. Results showed that: (1) the band sharing index values were in the range of 0. 504 2-0. 763 2 among samples from the same sampling site at different time scales, while 0.406 5-0.685 7 among the samples from different stations at the same time scales, indicating that spatial variations of microplankton communities were more pronounced than temporal ones; (2) samples from the same station basically clustered together, cor-responding to the geographic distribution of the sampling sites; (3) diversity derived from genetic and morpho-logical data did not correspond with each other well.     

椒江口潮间带大型底栖动物群落beta多样性分析

于2007年10月在椒江口共布设6条潮间带采样断面,每条断面在中潮带上区、中区、下区和低潮区各设1站位进行大型底栖动物采样。分析了不同采样站位数与大型底栖动物种数的关系,选用Wilson-Shmidabeta多样性测度方法,对以下3种空间环境梯度下大型底栖动物群落beta多样性进行了研究:(1)断面内垂直环境梯度;(2)河流到海洋的环境梯度;(3)河口两岸间的距离梯度。分析了不同采样站位数对群落beta多样性指数的影响,结果显示:(1)随着采样站位数的增加,物种数呈增加趋势但增速渐慢,同时beta多样性指数呈下降趋势;(2)不同的潮区间隔下的be-ta多样性指数均有显著差异;(3)在北岸和南岸,随着断面间距的增加beta多样性指数均呈升高趋势,而且与各断面的沉积物粒度、油类含量呈显著相关;(4)椒江口为喇叭形河口,随着河口两岸断面距离的增加beta多样性指数呈升高趋势。     

黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus eupogon)不同生态地理分布群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用40个黄颡鱼微卫星分子标记对吉林省月亮湖野生黄颡鱼(YL,30尾)、四川野生黄颡鱼(SC,30尾)、黑龙江省哈尔滨市松花江段黄颡鱼(SH,18尾)、湖北省荆州市长湖野生黄颡鱼子代(YY,30尾)及其亲本(QQ,30尾)、天津市换新国家级原良种场黄颡鱼1号(TJ,30尾)6个黄颡鱼群体的观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、多态信息含量(PIC)和有效等位基因数(Ae)等进行了遗传检测,根据基因频率计算遗传相似系数和Nei氏标准遗传距离,x2检验估计Hardy-weinberg平衡,采用近交系数(FST)和基因流(Nm)分析群体的遗传分化及其来源.同时,使用PHYLIP3.63软件绘制基于Nei氏标准遗传距离的UPGMA进化树.6个群体共检测到5042个扩增片段,长度在150-650bp,40个基因座扩增出等位基因数从1-8个不等,共计143个等位基因,平均每个基因座扩增得到3.575个等位基因.结果显示:(1)6个黄颡鱼群体的多态性指标均适中,PIC在0.00-0.79之间,平均值为0.40、0.37、0.35、0.39、0.35和0.19,有效等位基因数(Ae)1.00-5.44个不等,平均有效等位基因数依次为2.05、2.30、1.93、2.07、1.93和1.47,无偏期望杂合度(He)在0.00-0.83之间,平均值为0.45、0.46、0.36、0.46、0.41和0.23;(2)遗传相似系数YY与QQ遗传相似度最高(0.9947),TJ与SC遗传相似系数最低(0.4846),聚类结果与地理分布呈一定相关性.     

基于线粒体D-loop区分析黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)五个淡水湖泊群体的遗传多样性

采用线粒体D-loop区测序技术,对巢湖、滆湖、洪泽湖、鄱阳湖和太湖5个地理群体的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)遗传多样性及种群遗传结构进行了研究。结果表明,890个位点中变异位点有151个,简约信息位点24个。143个个体共检测到72个单倍型,平均单倍型多样性指数为0.951±0.011,核苷酸多样性为指数为0.00614±0.00087。鄱阳湖群体和其它4个湖泊群体的遗传距离相对比较大,滆湖和巢湖的遗传距离最小,总体遗传分化指数Fst为0.0896(P<0.01)。群体间基因流系数Nm=2.22,表明5个黄颡鱼种群间存在着一定的基因流动。     

青岛潮间带沉积物可培养厌氧细菌多样性的研究

为了验证设计的简易厌氧培养方法,作者以青岛潮间带沉积物为研究对象,采用5种培养基,从青岛潮间带沉积物共分离获得138株厌氧细菌。16S r DNA序列分析表明,这些细菌分属3个门15个属32个种,其中γ-变形菌纲64株18个种,在种类上处于优势地位;此外还包括δ-变形菌纲(δ-Proteobacteria)16株2个种,ε-变形菌纲4株1个种,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)29株8个种,梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)25株3个种。在属水平上,弧菌属(Vibrio)、Marinifilum属、泥杆菌属(Ilyobacter)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)在数量上占优势。此外,有26株8种细菌(占总菌株数的18.84%)与已知菌的同源性介于89.38%~94.22%,为潜在的海洋细菌新科或新属,表明此简易厌氧菌培养方法在获得新菌方面具有较大优势。另外,研究结果还表明,不同培养基对特定的类群具有选择性:2216E培养基对γ-变形菌纲分离培养效率较高;SPG培养基在获得新菌方面具有优势(占新菌数62.5%),且这些新菌大多属于拟杆菌门和梭杆菌门,其中SPG-1培养基对于分离硫酸盐还原菌和难培养的ε-变形菌纲细菌具有优势,SPG-4培养基对分离硝酸盐还原菌具有优势。