The multivariate controls of hydraulic geometry: A causal investigation in terms of boundary shear distribution

Most downstream hydraulic geometry exponents have been found to be very close to the classic values reported by Leopold and Maddock (1953). These have been viewed as the simplified cases to general trends because the hydraulic geometry of alluvial channels is actually the product of ‘multivariate controls’ (Richards, 1982). This paper is an attempt to develop a soundly based foundation for the explanation of the physical mechanisms of these controls. A quantitative relationship between channel shape and boundary shear distribution developed from experimental flume results is found to be applicable in some instances to alluvial channels, particularly to stable canals. On the basis of this relationship, it is shown that downstream hydraulic geometry is determined not only by flow discharge, but also by channel slope, channel average roughness and sediment composition of the channel boundary. This is strongly supported by our analysis of 529 observations from both stable canals and natural rivers in the U.S.A. and the U.K. The difference between regime relations in canals and the hydraulic geometry of rivers appears to be caused mainly by channel slope and average roughness, which can be regarded as constants only in stable canals. The close relationship between discharge and channel average roughness observed in canals is not repeated in natural channels, partly because of the variety of flow values used to define the channel-forming discharge. Furthermore, it is indicated that the effects of the sediment composition of the channel boundary on hydraulic geometry are significant and need further investigation.     

胜利油田渤南洼陷沙四上段沉积环境分析

通过地质和物探手段相结合，宏观和微观方法相结合，对渤南洼陷构造发育特征和沙四上段沉积相特征进行了深入的研究。根据沉积旋回性、韵律性等特征，确定渤南洼陷沙四上段沉积环境为滨（浅）湖－半深湖和湖底扇。根据沉积学标志，测井相标志和地震相标志，对沙四上段沉积环境为滨（浅）湖－半深湖和湖底扇。根据沉只学标志，测井相标志和地震相标志，对沙四上段湖底扇沉积微相进行了详细划分和描述，将湖底扇划分为内扇、中扇和外扇3个亚相，并进一步划分为5个微相。在上述基础上，揭示了湖底扇的平面展布规律，建立了沙四上段湖底扇的沉积模式。     

鄂尔多斯盆地早侏罗世富县期岩相古地理特征

在综合研究钻井剖面、野外露头基础上，结合室内编图、比层对比资料，指出早侏罗世富县期冲积扇－河流相沉积与古地貌密切相关，其古地理格局受印支运动后古构造面上的五条河谷控制；区内存在的冲积扇，分布于深沟河谷的陡壁一侧，为进积型冲积扇；富县期5条河流除晋陕河流为网状砂质河流外，其余均为低弯度砾砂质河流，边滩与洪泛平原微相沉积分布较广，并认为甘陕主河道流向为由西向东，“杂富县”为富县晚期洪泛平原微相产物。     

Submarine fan environment inferred from turbidite thickness distributions

Recent studies of turbidite bed thickness distributions have demonstrated power-law as well as log-normal statistical distributions. The different distributions may reflect different fan processes and environments and, therefore, could be used as a quantitative method to help identify those environments, including those devoid of sequential patterns. The cumulative distributions of well-known turbidite deposits spanning a range of interpreted fan subenvironments are used to illustrate the potential correlation between cumulative distribution and environments. Assuming that power-law distributions may, for some systems, be the primary input signal, one-dimensional modelling allows semi-quantitative characterization of the effects of different fan processes such as erosion and bed amalgamation. Environments indicative of different fan processes may be characterized based on the degree to which processes have acted as a 'filter' to modify the assumed power-law distribution systematically. This model of the effect of fan processes on the power-law distribution is used to help to account for bed thickness distributions observed in several field sites.     

Indicators of faulting events and periods of quiescence in desert alluvial fans

The main objective of the present paper is to present an integrated approach to the study of faulting stages in coarse alluvial deposits. The study site is the alluvial fan of Nahal Shehoret, presently under an extremely arid regime. The exposure of fault scarps on the fan surfaces enables the identification of several geomorphic indicators employed in analysing and separating faulting events and periods of quiescence: (a) the nature of fault scarp topography; (b) soil catenary development on fault scarps; (c) buried paleosols in alluvial deposits; (d) colluvial bodies; (e) rotated clasts along fault planes. These indicators enable us to determine, at all sites studied, the total amount of displacement, to separate faulting events and the amount of their displacement per event, and to evaluate scarp stability and the duration of periods of tectonic quiescence.     

扇三角洲序列样式及其控制因素：以伊通地堑为例

扇三角洲沉积是伊通地堑主要沉积体系，地堑内发育水下水道型和水下水道一河口坝复合型扇三角洲，完整的扇三角洲序包括进积，加积和退积３个阶段，在不同的构造沉降和沉积物供给条件下，形成了３种各具特色的扇三角洲序列样式，即缓慢沉降和低速沉积物供给型，快速沉降和低速沉积物供给型，快速沉降和高速沉积物供给型。     

单断式盆地充填模式与油气聚集──东濮凹陷东南部实例分析

在东濮凹陷东南部的盆地构造岩相带分析中，发现单断式盆地有三种对沉积体系、油气分布及盆地本身演化具有控制作用的正断层:犁式边界断层、箕式边界断层和多米诺式断层。它们分别形成了犁式河湖充填模式、箕式扇体充填模式和多米诺式三角洲-重力流充填模式；前者制约着生油洼陷的发育和盆地的生油潜力，后两者主要控制着油气聚集区的发育。     

Internal geometry of a thrust sheet,eastern Proterozoic belt,Godavari Valley,South India

A small thrust sheet, named Pedda Gutta thrust sheet, consisting of calcareous to cherty argillites and cherts, and juxtaposed against tidal-intertidal cross-bedded quartzites and stromatolitic and sileceous limestone in the eastern Proterozoic belt, Godavari Valley, exhibits structures comparable in style to those of the external zone of a fold-thrust mountain belt. A wide spectrum of periodic and aperiodic mesoscopic folds varying from upright ones with rounded hinges and attenuated limbs, through noncylindrical kinks to whalebacks and sheath-like forms have developed within the small volume of the thrust sheet, the preserved thickness of which is of the order of 50 metres (comparable in scale to cleavage duplexes). Cleavage development is also heterogeneous across the width of the sheet. Displacement transfer from faults to folds and vice-versa is a common feature. On the basis of the distribution of the mesoscopic structures of varying style within the sheet and localization of fault rocks, three slices (wedges) have been recognized, each bounded on the east by a thrust which is steep at the current erosion level but interpreted to be of listric form making the thrust network comparable in architecture, though not in scale, to a hinterland (west) dipping imbricate fan.     

The declining but non-rejuvenating base level—The Lisan lake,the Dead Sea area,Israel

Laboratory experiments investigating the effects of a lowering base level do not simulate natural eustatic lowering along concave river profiles. The field data on this issue are also quite limited. In evaluating the control exercised by lowering base level on a drainage network, distinction must be made between its influence and those of other hydromorphological processes operating within the basin. Field data on morphological relations, based on photogrammetric mapping and longitudinal profiling, have been gathered in the Dead Sea area, Israel, where a rapid fall in base level has occurred during the Holocene. The study area is an entrenched fan delta with a sequence of 14 unpaired fan terraces which die out at intersection points within an alluvial fan system. The results suggest that the intersection points did not function as base levels. The receding base level played only a passive role, allowing entrenchment without transmitting a head-cutting feedback basinwards. The arid environment caused a delay in transmission of information through the system. The results support the model of short, episodic, and discontinuous erosional events, inherent in the evolution of drainage basins. It is suggested that base level effects in temperate and humid regions are not transferrable to arid zones.