断陷盆地陡坡带扇三角洲模拟及沉积动力学分析

通过水槽实验模拟断陷盆地陡坡带扇三角洲的形成过程及其发育,剖析其沉积动力机制和内部结构特征.结果表明,扇三角洲平原、前缘斜坡和前扇三角洲3个亚相沉积动力机制不同,导致各相带的扇面坡度和粒度分布特征明显不同.扇三角洲平原以水流推力作用为主,沉积物以滚动、跳跃方式搬运,粒度最粗;前缘斜坡以重力作用为主,沉积物顺坡向下滚动、沉积,粒度略细,且具有明显的正粒序特征;前扇三角洲以浮力作用为主,沉积物为悬移质沉降,粒度最细.整体上,扇三角洲的形成是一个沉积物不断前积和垂向加积的过程,湖平面变化不同,二者作用强度不同,致使扇体形态有所差异,但扇面各部分基本维持相对固定的坡度,且沉积物的整体粒度分布趋势一致.     

Late Holocene channel and floodplain development in a wandering gravel‐bed river: the River South Tyne at Lambley,northern England

Geomorphological analyses of the morphology, lithostratigraphy and chronology of Holocene alluvial fills in a 2·75 km long piedmont reach of the wandering gravel‐bed River South Tyne at Lambley in Northumberland, northern England, have identified spatial and temporal patterns of late Holocene channel and floodplain development and elucidated the relationship between reach‐ and subreach‐scale channel transformation and terrace formation. Five terraced alluvial fills have been dated to periods sometime between c. 1400 BC –AD 1100, AD 1100–1300, AD 1300–1700, AD 1700–1850 and from AD 1850 to the present. Palaeochannel morphology and lithofacies architecture of alluvial deposits indicate that the past 3000 years has been characterized by episodic channel and floodplain change associated with development and subsequent recovery of subreach‐scale zones of instability which have been fixed in neither time nor space. Cartographic and photographic evidence spanning the past 130 years suggests channel transformation can be accomplished in as little as 50 years. The localized and episodic nature of fluvial adjustment at Lambley points to the operation of subreach‐scale controls of coarse sediment transfers. These include downstream propagation of sediment waves, as well as internal controls imposed by differing valley floor morphology, gradient and boundary materials. However, the preservation of correlated terrace levels indicates that major phases of floodplain construction and entrenchment have been superimposed over locally complex patterns of sediment transfer. Reach‐scale lateral and vertical channel adjustments at Lambley appear to be closely related to climatically driven changes in flood frequency and magnitude, with clusters of extreme floods being particularly important for accomplishing entrenchment and reconfiguring the pattern of localized instability zones. Confinement of flood flows by valley entrenchment, and contamination of catchment river courses by metal‐rich fine sediments following recent historic mining operations, have combined to render the South Tyne at Lambley increasingly sensitive to changes in flood regimes over the past 1000 years. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近岸水下扇微相划分研究及意义初探——以滦平盆地下白垩统西瓜园组为例

滦平盆地下白垩统西瓜园组沉积期发育大量的粗碎屑岩沉积,通过野外实地考察以及结合无人机摄影技术,将流体搬运机制与微相划分相结合,对断陷湖盆内部粗碎屑沉积体进行详细研究。结果表明：滦平盆地西瓜园组沉积期北部受边界断层活动影响,发育典型陆相断陷湖盆的近岸水下扇沉积体系。根据露头观测及研究,可划分出扇根、扇中及扇端三种亚相。其中扇根亚相以碎屑物质直接入湖、岩性较粗、分选极差、无磨圆为特征。扇中亚相采用“水下河道微相”及“边缘微相”的划分方式,水下河道微相可见同时发育由碎屑流及浊流两种不同流体性质控制的沉积体,沉积迅速,界限清晰且含轻微冲刷,横向连续性较为稳定,砾石出现一定定向性,磨圆较差,在扇中亚相中最为发育;边缘微相沉积相对较为混杂,漂砾较为常见,可见明显的板状交错层理,横向连续性差,指示河道的改道或者边缘沉积,不发育冲刷- 充填构造。扇端亚相以砂泥岩薄互层或者厚层细砂岩为特征,可见细小砾石层。微相划分方法结合流体搬运机制及沉降方式,更加具有成因性依据,同时更好地解释了远离物源区的稳定砾石层发育。研究结果为近岸水下扇内部砂体发育规律和叠置关系研究及下一步油气勘探与开发提供了新思路。     

Sedimentology,stratigraphy and architecture of the Nicobar Fan (Bengal–Nicobar Fan System), Indian Ocean: Results from International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 362

Drill sites in the southern Bay of Bengal at 3°N 91°E (International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 362) have sampled for the first time a complete section of the Nicobar Fan and below to the oceanic crust. This generally overlooked part of the Bengal–Nicobar Fan System may provide new insights into uplift and denudation rates of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. The Nicobar Fan comprises sediment gravity-flow deposits, mostly turbidites, that alternate with hemipelagite drapes and pelagite intervals of varying thicknesses. The decimetre-thick to metre-thick oldest pre-fan sediments (limestones/chalks) dated at 69 Ma are overlain by volcanic material and slowly accumulated pelagites (0.5 g cm⁻² kyr⁻¹). At Expedition 362 Site U1480, terrigenous input began in the early Miocene at ca 22.5 Ma as muds, overlain by very thin-bedded and thin-bedded muddy turbidites at ca 19.5 Ma. From 9.5 Ma, sand content and sediment supply sharply increase (from 1–5 to 10–50 g cm⁻² kyr⁻¹). Despite the abundant normal faulting in the Nicobar Fan compared with the Bengal Fan, it offers a better-preserved and more homogeneous sedimentary record with fewer unconformities. The persistent connection between the two fans ceased at 0.28 Ma when the Nicobar Fan became inactive. The Nicobar Fan is a major sink for Himalaya-derived material. This study presents integrated results of International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 362 with older Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Program/International Ocean Discovery Program sites that show that the Bengal–Nicobar Fan System experienced successive large-scale avulsion processes that switched sediment supply between the Bengal Fan (middle Miocene and late Pleistocene) and the Nicobar Fan (late Miocene to early Pleistocene). A quantitative analysis of the submarine channels of the Nicobar Fan is also presented, including their stratigraphic frequency, showing that channel size/area and abundance peaked at ca 2 to 3 Ma, but with a distinct low at 3 to 7 Ma: the intervening stratigraphic [sub]unit was a time of reduced sediment accumulation rates.     

准噶尔盆地西北部春光探区白垩系地震沉积学研究*

地震沉积学是精细表征沉积体系时空分布特征的有效手段。本文以准噶尔盆地西北部春光探区为例,首先对白垩系的层序界面和层序展布进行了分析,建立了高分辨层序地层格架,然后综合分析地震、录井、测井、岩心以及分析化验等资料,明确了该区的沉积相类型,最后以地震沉积学思想为指导,利用地层切片等多项技术,对沉积体系进行了精细的刻画。结果表明: (1)春光探区白垩系可以划分为4个三级层序和7个四级层序。(2)白垩系发育扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、异重流和湖泊4种沉积相类型。(3)通过相位调整,建立了地震振幅与岩性的良好对应关系;利用分频处理、RGB属性融合和地层切片技术,精确地刻画了沉积体系的时空分布。呼图壁组沉积时期,春光探区西南角为扇三角洲,东部为辫状河三角洲和异重流沉积,在切片上可以清晰地观察到蜿蜒曲折的异重流水道及新月形的侧积复合体;胜金口组沉积时期是白垩系湖侵规模最大时期,最有利于东部异重流发育和保存,西南部扇三角洲继续继承性发育;连木沁组沉积时期,由于西南部抬升,只在东部接受沉积,发育辫状河三角洲,先前发育的异重流沉积逐渐萎缩。     

末端扇—滨浅湖滩坝组合沉积机制与演化分布:以东濮凹陷卫城油田沙河街组四段为例

复杂沉积环境下沉积相及其演化的准确描述可以有效地指导油气田的勘探和开发过程。结合东濮凹陷卫城油田的区域沉积背景,利用岩心描述、录测井和分析测试等资料对东濮凹陷卫城油田卫81区块沙河街组四段的沉积特征与沉积相模式进行了全面分析。结果显示：该区块地层发育末端扇-滨浅湖滩坝相过渡型沉积,沙四下段河流末端能量损失、流量波动,发育末端扇沉积,分流河道顺物源方向向河道漫溢和泥滩演化,形成扇状堆积体;随湖平面频繁大面积扩张收缩等沉积环境变化,沙四上段演化为滨浅湖滩坝沉积,滩坝砂体整体呈复合砂体连片平行于主控断层走向分布。     

A discontinuity in the late Pleistocene alluvial deposits,Hwacheon‐ri,Gyeongju, Korea: Occurrences and paleoenvironmental implication

A sedimentary discontinuity is present in the late Pleistocene alluvial deposits exposed along the cliff in stream side, Gyeongju, Korea. Sedimentological study, Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) age dating, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) analyses were conducted in order to interpret the origin of the discontinuity surface. Based on the sedimentological study, these deposits can be divided into three distinct stages, in ascending order: (Stage 1) development of a braided stream flowing from south to north and deposition by debris flows from the mountain aside the stream during and/or after deposition of the braided stream; (Stage 2) deposition by intermittent events during a state of stagnation after the abandonment or migration of the previously existed braided stream; and (Stage 3) deposition of gravels from debris flows from the mountain aside the stream. Hornfelsic gravels are common in Stage 1, whereas andesitic gravels are predominant in Stage 3, suggesting the provenance change from Stage 1 to Stage 3. The discontinuity surface is laterally extensive and marked by a distinct carbonaceous dark grey horizon between Stage 2 and Stage 3. It is characteristic that rootlets mineralized by vivianite are present, and iron‐oxide crusts are cutting across irregularly below the discontinuity surface. It is thus interpreted that the shift of depositional environment from an alluvial plain (Stage 2) (125 ka) to an alluvial fan (Stage 3) (94–55 ka) was an alluvial response to sea level change from the interglacial to the glacial. The development of iron‐oxide crusts and diagenetic vivianite in the discontinuity surface suggests humid condition persisted during the paleoclimatic shift from the last interglacial to the last glacial stages.     

平面P、SV和Rayleigh波入射下沉积河谷地震响应IBEM宽频模拟

沉积河谷对地震波的高频散射规律尚不明确。采用一种高精度间接边界元法(IBEM)用于沉积河谷对平面P、SV和Rayleigh波的二维散射宽频求解分析。数值结果表明:IBEM可高效精确地模拟地震波的宽频散射;中低频段(无量纲频率η5.0),河谷地形对地震波的放大效应显著;高频波段(η10.0),河谷放大效应减弱甚至出现缩幅效应。随河谷深度增加,位移放大频段的带宽逐渐减小,第一峰值频率降低,且在低频段频谱曲线振荡剧烈。阻尼比对沉积河谷地表位移幅值具有显著影响,尤其是在高频段衰减作用明显。实际沉积河谷场地地震反应分析,需充分考虑波型、入射波频率和角度、河谷深宽比等因素,以更科学地进行震害解释和地震安全性评价。     

The interplay between extrinsic and intrinsic controls in determining floodplain wetland characteristics in the South African drylands

Controls on the characteristics of floodplain wetlands in drylands are diverse and may include extrinsic factors such as tectonic activity, lithology and climate, and intrinsic thresholds of channel change. Correct analysis of the interplay between these controls is important for assessing possible channel–floodplain responses to changing environmental conditions. Using analysis of aerial imagery, geological maps and field data, this paper investigates floodplain wetland characteristics in the Tshwane and Pienaars catchments, northern South Africa, and combines the findings with previous research to develop a new conceptual model highlighting the influence of variations in aridity on flow, sediment transport, and channel–floodplain morphology. The Tshwane–Pienaars floodplain wetlands have formed in response to a complex interplay between climatic, lithological, and intrinsic controls. In this semi‐arid setting, net aggradation (alluvium >7 m thick) in the wetlands is promoted by marked downstream declines in discharge and stream power that are related to transmission losses and declining downstream gradients. Consideration of the Tshwane–Pienaars wetlands in their broader catchment and regional context highlights the key influence of climate, and demonstrates how floodplain wetland characteristics vary along a subhumid to semi‐arid climatic gradient. Increasing aridity tends to be associated with a reduction in the ability of rivers to maintain through‐going channels and an increase in the propensity for channel breakdown and floodout formation. Understanding the interplay between climate, hydrology and geomorphology may help to anticipate and manage pathways of floodplain wetland development under future drier, more variable climates, both in South African and other drylands. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Luminescence dating of cyclone-induced washover fans at Point Lefroy (NW Australia)

Reliable age dating of coastal sedimentary landforms is crucial for inferring storm frequencies and magnitudes from geological archives. However, in highly energetic coastal settings, radiocarbon dating is often biased by reworking and/or poorly constrained marine reservoir effects. Due to this, most cyclone-driven sediment archives from the semiarid coast of NW Australia – a region frequently affected by tropical cyclones but with a historical record limited to ∼150 a, and therefore strongly in need of long-term data inferred from geological evidence – are affected by chronological inaccuracies. Optically stimulated luminescence dating (OSL) may overcome these shortcomings by dating the transport of sediment directly. In turn it may be related to other challenges when applied to cyclone deposits from semiarid environments. The cyclone-induced washover fans at Point Lefroy, NW Australia, are composed of a heterogeneous mixture of coral fragments, shell hash and siliciclastic sand. This makes them particularly prone to high dose scatter resulting from a combination of partial bleaching, sediment mixing and dose-rate heterogeneity. The washover fans are further characterised by a discontinuous nature of cyclone deposition, as indicated by erosional features and macroscopic brunification horizons. By using a combination of quartz single grain dating, autoradiography, alpha counting and gamma spectrometry, sediment mixing and dose rate heterogeneity are identified as the main sources of dose scatter. The resulting chronology allows us to discriminate at least four well constrained phases of washover fan activity at ∼180, ∼360, ∼870, and ∼1300 a ago. Older but less well constrained activity phases occurred ∼1950, ∼2300, and ∼2830 a ago. While these phases of increased cyclone activity correlate with depositional units separated by potential palaeosols, OSL ages, quasi-continuous portable OSL reader measurements and gamma spectrometry measured with increased sampling resolution point to deposition of distinct washover units within a very short period of time. However, unambiguous discrimination between deposition of individual units by single events and deposition by several cyclones within periods of only a few decades is currently not possible.