Estimation of return periods for extreme sea levels: a simplified empirical correction of the joint probabilities method with examples from the French Atlantic coast and three ports in the southwest of the UK

The joint probability method (JPM) to estimate the probability of extreme sea levels (Pugh and Vassie, Extreme sea-levels from tide and surge probability. Proc. 16th Coastal Engineering Conference, 1978, Hamburg, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp 911–930, 1979) has been applied to the hourly records of 13 tide-gauge stations of the tidally dominated Atlantic coast of France (including Brest, since 1860) and to three stations in the southwest of the UK (including Newlyn, since 1916). The cumulative total length of the available records (more than 426 years) is variable from 1 to 130 years when individual stations are considered. It appears that heights estimated with the JPM are almost systematically greater than the extreme heights recorded. Statistical analysis shows that this could be due: (1) to surge–tide interaction (that may tend to damp surge values that occur at the time of the highest tide levels), and (2) to the fact that major surges often occur in seasonal periods that may not correspond to those of extreme astronomical tides. We have determined at each station empirical ad hoc correction coefficients that take into account the above two factors separately, or together, and estimated return periods for extreme water levels also at stations where only short records are available. For seven long records, for which estimations with other computing methods (e.g. generalized extreme value [GEV] distribution and Gumbel) can be attempted, average estimations of extreme values appear slightly overestimated in relation to the actual maximum records by the uncorrected JPM (+16.7 ± 7.2 cm), and by the Gumbel method alone (+10.3 ± 6.3 cm), but appear closer to the reality with the GEV distribution (−2.0 ± 5.3 cm) and with the best-fitting correction to the JPM (+2.9 ± 4.4 cm). Because the GEV analysis can hardly be extended to short records, it is proposed to apply at each station, especially for short records, the JPM and the site-dependent ad hoc technique of correction that is able to give the closest estimation to the maximum height actually recorded. Extreme levels with estimated return times of 10, 50 and 100 years, respectively, are finally proposed at all stations. Because astronomical tide and surges have been computed (or corrected) in relation to the yearly mean sea level, possible changes in the relative sea level of the past, or foreseeable in the future, can be considered separately and easily added to (or deduced from) the extremes obtained. Changes in climate, on the other hand, may modify surge and tide distribution and hence return times of extreme sea levels, and should be considered separately. Parts of this paper have been presented orally at the session “Geophysical extremes: scaling aspects and modern statistical approaches” of the EGU General Assembly, Vienna, 2–6 April 2006.     

和硕5．0级地震前乌鲁木齐基准地震台钻孔应变异常分析

运用潮汐因子、加卸载响应比及相对应力场等分析方法,对1995年3月19日发生的新疆和硕MS5.0地震前乌鲁木齐基准地震台钻孔应变观测数据进行了分析处理。结果表明,在地震前30天应变日均值出现了典型的指数曲线异常;在地震前1个月相对应力发生快速变化,主应力方向也发生了快速偏转;全日波潮汐因子地震前1个月到地震前半个月期间,出现了大幅度的单峰或双峰异常变化;加卸载响应比值在地震前2个多月就开始出现成束的异常。可以认为和硕地震前乌鲁木齐基准地震台钻孔应变记录到了明显前兆短临异常。     

潮汐电站建库及运行方案分析

本文给出了几种要行的潮汐电站水库及运行方案，并就发电量，发电的连续性，发电量－价格比等指标进行了对比分析。对潮汐电站作调峰运行也进行了分析。     

Characteristics of river discharge and its indirect effect on the tidal bore in the Qiantang River,China

Based on field data of river discharge, tide, tidal bore, and riverbed topography, the characteristics of river discharge, the effect of river discharge on riverbed erosion and sedimentation, and the feedback effect of riverbed erosion and sedimentation on the tide and tidal bore in the Qiantang River are analyzed. The results show that the inter-annual and seasonal variation of river discharge in the Qiantang River is noticeable, while the seasonal distribution of river discharge tends to be un...     

Determination of Ocean Tide Loading Displacement by GPS PPP with Priori Information Constraint of NAO99b Global Ocean Tide Model

The published global ocean tide models show good agreement in deep oceans and exhibit differences in complex coastal areas, along with subsequent Ocean Tide Loading Displacement (OTLD) modeling differences. Meanwhile, OTLD parameters (amplitudes and phase lags) derived by Global Positioning System (GPS) Precise Point Positioning (PPP) approach need long time to converge to a stable state and show poor precision of S2, K1, and K2 constituents. Based on the fact that no constraint is imposed in the current kinematic solution, a new method is put forward, in which global ocean tide model predictions are taken as the priori information constraints to speed up the convergence rate and improve the accuracy of the GPS-derived OTLD parameters. First, the data of tide gauge from 01 January 2014 to 31 December 2016 are used to generate the harmonic parameters to evaluate the accuracy of six global ocean tide models and a regional ocean tide model (osu.chinesea.2010). Osu.chinesea.2010 model shows good agreement with the tide gauge results, while NAO99b model presents relatively large difference. The predictions from osu.chinesea.2010 and NAO99b model are employed as reference and the prior information, respectively. Second, continuous observations of 12 GPS sites during 2006–2013 in Hong Kong are collected to generate three dimensional OTLD amplitudes and phase lags of eight constituents using PPP with prior information constraints approach and harmonic analysis. Third, comparing the convergence time of eight constituents from PPP without and with priori information constraints approaches, the results show that the new method can significantly improve the convergence rate of OTLD amplitude estimates which obtain a certain level of stability seven years earlier than that derived by the PPP without priori information constraints. Precision of OTLD parameters derived by the new method is about 1 mm. By comparing with the precision of single PPP approach, the accuracy of eight constituents has been improved, especially for S2, K1, and K2 constituents. Finally, through comparing the different correction effects of OTLD estimates on the coordinates and their time series of the ground GPS stations, the results show that OTLD estimates derived by the new approach have similar influence as the osu.chinasea.2010 ocean tide model. The new method provides an effective means to improve the convergence and precision of the GPS-derived OTLD parameters, and achieve a similar correction as the high precision ocean tide model.     

中国极地大地测量学十年回顾:1996-2006年

[STBZ][ZW（*][HT6H]〓收稿日期：. *基金项目：[HT6SS][ZK(]国家自然科学基金项目“利用多源遥感数据监测南极冰貌地形及其动态变化研究”（编号：40606002）;国家测绘局项目“南极考察地区基础测绘”（编号：1469990324229）资助[ZK）] [HT6H]〓作者简介：[HT6SS]（1939 ）,男,江西广丰人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事极地测绘遥感信息学的研究.[WT6HZ]E mail:[WT6BZ] [ZW）] [HT4F] [HT5K](摘〓要：[HT5K]回顾了近10年来我国南北两极大地测量学在GPS、重力、验潮及合成孔径雷达干涉测量等方面的研究进展。具体介绍了以长城站、中山站和黄河站3个GPS观测站为依托,开展的板块运动、卫星定轨及极区大气环境监测方面的研究;GPS在埃默里冰架、格罗夫山及Dome A考察中的应用研究;长城站的高精度绝对重力及相对重力测量;中山站自动验潮站的建立;及合成孔径雷达干涉测量在南极内陆冰盖的应用研究等。     

Modeling the Tide System of the East China Sea with GIS

This article describes systematic research on the tide dynamic system under the support of the Geographic Information System and ocean fluid dynamics model. Through the high-resolution numerical simulation, we found some previously unreported phenomena, such as a low tide amplitude zone of the M2 constituent near Zhoushan isles, a low tide amplitude zone of the K1 constituent near Taiwan island, and a circular flow point band. The results of this research also show that the formation of the tide system is affected by sea-bottom friction coefficient, topography under water, and shoreline morphology. The change of shoreline morphology and significant change of topography under water play important roles in the tide system. Under specified conditions on input tide waves, shoreline morphology has a dominant impact on the formation of the tide system. With the systematically reconstructed sea level and the coastal change of 30 periods since the Pleni Glacier, the evolution process of the tide system of the East China Sea was simulated. Based on the simulation analysis of relationships among topography, shoreline and tide flow, this study concludes that the characteristic of the tide dynamic system is a dominant influencing factor on the formation of large-scale sand ridge clusters. In this article, the integration of the Geographic Information System, tide numerical simulation system, and tide movement visualization system are discussed as an example for related studies.     

根据验潮记录研究中国海岸地壳构造变形

依据 4 8个验潮站记录 ,计算出相对海平面年均值长期变化速率 ,经全球气候型海平面变化因子校正 ,获得了中国海岸现代地壳构造变形速率。分析结果表明 ,中国海岸构造变形的平面和纵断面图象与海岸构造格局一致 :北方海岸大面积升降区比较完整 ,分界明显 ,表现出大范围块体运动特征 ;南方海岸比较复杂 ,升降差异变化快 ,呈现以上升为主、局部下沉的特征。在升降差异分界地区均有活动断裂通过 ,这些地区也是近海地震活动强烈地区     

昌平台钻孔应变固体潮调合分析

介绍了体应变观测潮汐因子和勒夫数 h2 之间的线性关系 ,h2 的变化幅度较体应变观测潮汐因子震前异常变化大 7.5倍。同时 ,昌平台剪应变观测潮汐因子 O1波与体应变观测潮汐因子M2 波震前异常有较好的一致性 ,研究钻孔应变观测潮汐因子的变化有可能是取得地震前兆的有效途径之一。     

地震前海平面异常变化和机理研究

根据国内外沿海大地震前后海平面变化的实例,分析海平面变化的前兆意义。资料证实,大部分近海大地震前存在局部海域可以识别的海平面异常变化。１９世纪以来,世界各地的验潮站记录了大量与地震有关的海平面变化实例,为定量分析提供了可能。最有代表的标准震例是１９４１年１１月葡萄牙亚速尔群岛８．３级大地震,我国渤海１９６９年７月在８日７．４级地震前后烟台站的验潮记录也显示出显著异常。海域构造环境和地震发生机制不同