Detection and 2d modelling of cavities using pole–dipole array

The resistivity method is often used in cave prospecting. In this paper the pole–dipole array ability to detect cavities at different depths and with different water contents is investigated. The research was performed using analogical and numerical modelling. According to the results, empty caves at a depth less than four times its diameter can be easily detected. The ability of the pole–dipole array to detect water-filled caves reaches a minimum at filling percentages of 30–50%. Overburden effects research shows that low resistivity overburden reduces the resolution capability of the array. This study shows that equivalent results can be obtained by modelling the empty caves as infinite resistivity bodies or, alternatively, as very high resistivity ones. The analysis of field data acquired in the Maciço Calcário Estremenho (Portugal) shows the practical importance of the pole–dipole array in cavities prospecting.     

26Al/10Be埋藏测年及其在洞穴沉积年代学研究中的应用

长期暴露于地表的石英砂被快速搬入洞穴或埋藏,不再接受宇宙射线辐射,埋藏前所积累的陆地宇生核素26 Al 和10 Be 随时间指数衰减。据此用加速器质谱计测定沉积物中石英样品现存的26 Al /10 Be可计算其埋藏年代。用此方法本文对周口店第一地点的下部地层年代作了初探。此次研究表明自第10层以下的沉积物其年代很可能≥ 1 Ma。      

Investigation of waste disposal areas using electrical methods: a case study from Chania,Crete, Greece

A geophysical investigation of a landfill area was conducted as inextricable phase of a preliminary geotechnical, geological and hydrogeological study of the area under investigation. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), one of the most promising prospecting techniques mainly concerning its effective contribution to resolve several environmental problems, was applied for the geophysical modeling. ERT is a robust imaging method the theory and implementation of which are well documented in geophysical research literature. The survey site is located in Akrotirion Peninsula, about 7 km east of Chania city in Crete I. The geological setting comprises Trypalion limestones, marly limestones and a clayed weathered layer. Cavities are also identified at various scales which are recent tectono-karstic voids. Due to the above-mentioned geological singularity and in the light of the requirement for an environmentally safe construction of the landfill, an ERT survey was carried out. Specifically, seven geoelectrical tomographies were conducted reaching the prospecting depth of 36 m. The resulted images conduced, to overcome geotechnical problems since the spatial distribution of karstic voids was determined, to plan the future sites for waste disposal as the geological conditions were studied in detail and to reliably estimate the thickness of the already deposited wastes. The resulted images were confirmed using available borehole logs and ambient noise measurements.     

北京猿人洞堆积旋回与黄土和深海气候旋回对比

北京猿人洞13个堆积层可划分为7个堆积旋回。每个旋回早期的堆积层(砂、粉砂、粘土和钙扳层),含有暖温带气候特征的哺乳动物和孢粉组合;晚期的堆积层(洞穴角砾与巨砾层),含有温带较干冷气候特征的哺乳动物和孢粉组合。堆积层年代测定数据表明北京猿人洞7个堆积旋回形成于更新世中期,年代为128-730ka,与中国黄土层L2-S7,相当,可与深海氧同位素阶段6-19和气候旋回C-I对比。北京猿人在此洞断续生活了约35万年,即从距今约60万年的第5堆积旋回(δ18O第14阶段)至距今约25万年的第2堆积旋回(δ18O第8阶段)。     

Paleoflood events recorded by speleothems in caves

Speleothems are usually composed of thin layers of calcite (or aragonite). However, cemented detrital materials interlayered between laminae of speleothemic carbonate have been also observed in many caves. Flowstones comprising discontinuous carbonate layers form due to flowing water films, while flood events introduce fluviokarstic sediments in caves that, on occasion, are recorded as clayey layers inside flowstones and stalagmites. This record provides a potential means of understanding the frequency of palaeofloods using cave records. In this work, we investigate the origin of this type of detrital deposit in El Soplao Cave (Northern Spain). The age of the lowest aragonite layer of a flowstone reveals that the earliest flood period occurred before 500 ka, though most of the flowstone formed between 422 +69/‐43 ka and 400 +66/‐42 ka. This suggests that the cave was periodically affected by palaeoflood events that introduced detrital sediments from the surface as a result of occasional extreme rainfall events, especially at around 400 ka. The mineralogical data enable an evolutionary model for this flowstone to be generated based on the alternation of flood events with laminar flows and carbonate layers precipitation that can be extrapolated to other caves in which detrital sediments inside speleothems have been found. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广东英德宝晶宫CO2浓度的时空变化特征

于2011年12月至2013年4月每月一次对广东英德宝晶宫溶洞洞穴空气CO2浓度进行监测,结果显示洞穴空气CO2浓度存在明显的空间变化和季节变化。洞内空气CO2浓度在201×10-6?3 450×10-6之间变化,年平均值为1 018×10-6。在空间上,越靠近洞口或者通风效应越强的地方洞穴空气CO2浓度越低。在季节变化上,表现为洞穴空气CO2浓度在夏半年（5-10月）高而在冬半年（11-4月）低的特点。洞穴空气CO2浓度变化主要受洞穴通风效应和气候变化导致的植被呼吸作用和土壤微生物活动变化的影响。此外,宝晶宫特殊的洞穴结构及游客等因素也对该溶洞CO2浓度变化形成了一定的影响。     

绥阳双河洞发育对区内地表水系变迁影响

双河洞是我国已探明长度最长洞穴,也是世界第一长白云岩洞穴。为全面了解其形成机理,本研究基于双河洞探测和地表调查资料,以双河洞发育特征,区内地表河床地貌、地形和现代水系特征为研究对象,以双河溶洞发育演化模式为基础,开展双河洞发育演化对区内地表水系变迁影响研究。认为：（1）研究区地表水系随双河溶洞发育演化而变迁;（2）双河洞穴发育,使让水沟地表水通过洞穴向池武溪排泄,将独立的让水沟和池武溪两个流域变成一个流域;（3）双河洞发育引起地下水袭夺地表水,形成断尾河4处;（4）随着地壳抬升地下水位下降,水力梯度增大,地下水运输能力增强,加剧洞穴发育,为地下水袭夺地表水提供良好的水势差与过水条件,是研究区水系变迁的主要动力。     

酉阳伏羲洞景观资源特色及开发理念

重庆酉阳伏羲洞不仅发育有洁白无瑕似千秋田的“边石坝”、酷似人脚的“仙人脚”、神似清朝将领佩戴的“将军帽”等独特的景观,而且洞穴规模宏伟、形态险峻秀美,洞宽多在10~20m,高多在20~35m,其中的“伏羲大厅”直径达130m,高达85m;龙宫石瀑布高43m,宽93m;擎天石柱高26m,直径3.5m;地下河川流不息,池水觥筹交错。为了充分发挥伏羲洞景观资源优势,促进酉阳旅游业的发展,本文在分析酉阳伏羲洞景观资源特色、资源价值的基础上,提出了突出“神秘”特色、强化科普性与趣味性,以及以人为本,尊重自然生态,开发与保护并重的开发规划理念。与此同时,还认为灯光配套对突出伏羲洞“神秘”特色具有举足轻重的作用。布光上,对峡谷洞壁形态可采用白、蓝、浅绿、青等不同色调来分层次展示;对地下河宜用淡绿色光表现;对流石、钟乳石等景观可采用冷、暖光相结合;对于伏羲大厅鳞次栉比的岩层纹理可采用白光处理。      

辽宁本溪晶花洞碳酸钙沉积物颜色多样性分析

辽宁本溪晶花洞发育于中奥陶统马家沟组(O2m)中厚层白云质灰岩中,洞内碳酸钙沉积物具有白色、黄色、肉红色、浅蓝色和黑褐色等多种原生色彩。在洞穴考察的基础上,通过对围岩和洞穴碳酸钙沉积物X荧光分析以及显微镜薄片鉴定,认为洞穴中白色的次生化学沉积物主要由质纯的CaCO3形成;浅蓝色、黑褐色的形成则多由沉积物含有铜、锶和锰、锌所致;而黄色、红色则为不同环境下铁、锰等变价元素所产生。      

Identifying low-temperature hydrothermal karst and palaeowaters using stable isotopes: a case study from an alpine cave,Entrische Kirche,Austria

The area south of the prominent east–west trending Salzach Valley at the northern rim of the Central Alps of Austria has long been known to host anomalously warm springs emerging from a highly deformed calcite marble (Klammkalk). This unit also hosts cavities whose shapes suggest a hydrothermal karst origin and which are lined by calcite spar. We report here petrographic and isotopic evidence suggesting that dissolution by ascending low-temperature thermal waters also played an important role in the origin of a large cave in this region, Entrische Kirche. A paleo cave wall, preserved behind a thick flowstone in the interior of this cave, revealed a brownish bleaching zone which contrasts to the medium grey colour of the unaltered marble beneath. Across this zone the C and O isotope values gradually decrease by 3 and 11‰, respectively. These compositions are very different from those of the speleothem above but are similar to phreatic calcite spar from hydrothermal karst cavities in other outcrops in the area, where the absence of two-phase fluid inclusions suggests a low-temperature (less than ca. 50°C) hydrothermal origin. U/Th dating of the flowstone capping the alteration zone yielded a minimum age of the thermal water invasion in Entrische Kirche of ca. 240 kyr. There is no evidence in Entrische Kirche that these palaeowaters reached the point of calcite precipitation, but it is physically conceivable that higher and as yet unexplored parts of this deep (ca. 900 m) cave contain cavities lined by phreatic cave spar.