青藏高原可可西里卓乃湖溃堤成因及其影响分析

受青藏高原暖湿化趋势的影响,近年来高原湖泊水位普遍上涨,湖泊溃堤时有发生.利用青藏高原可可西里卓乃湖、库赛湖、海丁诺尔湖和盐湖所在区域的TM（ETM+）等历史文献数据和环境减灾卫星（HJ1A/B） CCD数据,结合五道梁气象站气温、降水资料,分析了卓乃湖周边湖泊面积变化情况.结果表明：1961-2014年近54 a来,可可西里地区持续增加的降水是卓乃湖溃堤的基础,2011年8月22日之前的两次强降水过程和之后的持续降水是导致卓乃湖湖水大量外泄,并最终溃堤的主要原因;溃堤前的两次地震可能对卓乃湖的湖盆结构产生了一定的影响,从而加速了溃堤过程.溃堤导致湖岸线退缩,并产生大片的沙化土地,恶化了藏羚羊的产仔环境,对周边草地生态环境和重大工程设施产生了不利影响.     

艾比湖区域地表水水化学特征干湿季变化及其控制因素

对2014年艾比湖区域的地表水进行观测和取样,综合运用多元统计、Piper阴阳离子三角图、Gibbs图等方法,对艾比湖区域干湿季地表水化学特征及控制因素进行了分析.结果表明：在湿季5月,Na⁺和Cl^-是占绝对优势的离子,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的70.34%和52.97%,其次是Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-;在干季10月,Na⁺和Cl^-是占绝对优势的离子,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的70.57%和66.48%,其次是Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-.进而判断出在湿季,艾比湖区域地表水水化学类型为以碳酸盐岩石和蒸发岩来源为主的HCO₃^--Ca²⁺-Na⁺型;而在干季,艾比湖区域地表水水化学类型为以碳酸盐岩石和蒸发岩来源为主的HCO₃^--Ca²⁺型.此外,探讨了离子控制的因素.就自然因素而言,在干湿季,艾比湖区域地表水化学离子组成受岩石风化作用和蒸发结晶作用的共同影响,大气降水的输入作用十分微弱.就人为因素而言,根据相关研究,干湿季人为活动中的主要因素是人口和地区生产总值,说明该区域受到人为活动的影响.本研究为我国干旱地区对于河水水化学变化、水质特征、水质保护都具有重要的意义.     

Clarifying the distal to proximal tephrochronology of the Millennium (B–Tm) eruption,Changbaishan Volcano,northeast China

Tephra dispersed during the Millennium eruption (ME), Changbaishan Volcano, NE China provides one of the key stratigraphic links between Asia and Greenland for the synchronization of palaeoenvironmental records. However, controversy surrounds proximal-distal tephra correlations because (a) the proposed proximal correlatives of the distal ME tephra (i.e. B–Tm) lack an unequivocal chronostratigraphic context, and (b) the ME tephra deposits have not been chemically characterized for a full spectrum of element using grain-specific techniques. Here we present grain-specific glass chemistry, including for the first time, single grain trace element data, for a composite proximal sequence and a distal tephra from Lake Kushu, northern Japan (ca. 1100 km away from Changbaishan). We demonstrate a robust proximal-distal correlation and that the Kushu tephra is chemically associated with the ME/B–Tm. We propose that three of the proximal pyroclastic fall units were erupted as part of the ME. The radiocarbon chronology of the Kushu sedimentary record has been utilised to generate a Bayesian age-depth model, providing an age for the Kushu tephra which is consistent with high resolution ages determined for the eruption and therefore supports our geochemical correlation. Two further Bayesian age-depth models were independently constructed each incorporating one of two ice-core derived ages for the B–Tm tephra, providing Bayesian modelled ages of 933–949 and 944–947 cal AD (95.4%) for the Kushu tephra. The high resolution ice-core tephra ages imported into the deposition models help test and ultimately constrain the radiocarbon chronology in this interval of the Lake Kushu sedimentary record. The observed geochemical diversity between proximal and distal ME tephra deposits clearly evidences the interaction of two compositionally distinct magma batches during this caldera forming eruption.     

宁夏沙湖景区生态旅游环境容量

以湿地景观为主的沙漠型景区旅游环境容量有特殊性。选取具有典型代表性的沙湖景区为研究对象,对生态旅游环境容量测算及限制因子进行分析。结果表明：研究区旅游空间容量、经济容量及心理容量均较大,而旅游生态容量较小,且与其他容量存在显著差距,尤其是沙漠滨水区域作为景区发展的核心地带,肩负着旅游开发与生态保护的重任,以植被环境容量为最敏感因子的生态环境容量,最有可能成为此类型景区旅游环境容量的瓶颈。基于测评结果,设置高、中、低不同容量的情景方案,并提出相应的景区发展及生态环境保护策略。     

青海湖地区冰消期以来气候变化的黄土记录

青海湖周围堆积着很多黄土和风沙沉积,这些风成沉积序列是过去气候变化的良好记录.相对于湖泊沉积,这些沉积物受到的研究较为薄弱.对青海湖南岸的黄土堆积进行了光释光年代学、磁化率、Fe/Mg值、粒度和有机质含量等气候替代性指标测量.在具有绝对年代标尺控制的基础上,结合气候替代性指标变化特征的分析,表明冰消期以来青海湖地区的古气候经历了多次的冷暖和干湿变化过程:14～9 ka间气候前期相对冷干,后期转为凉干,其中可能在11 ka左右存在一次暖湿事件;9～2.5 ka间气候呈暖湿状态;2.5 ka以后的地层扰动较大.黄土和湖泊沉积记录的环境变化过程具有可比性.     

BIBLIOGRAPHY—BIBLIOGRAPHIE

Abstract

The Coupled Routing and Excess STorage model (CREST, jointly developed by the University of Oklahoma and NASA SERVIR) is a distributed hydrological model developed to simulate the spatial and temporal variation of land surface, and subsurface water fluxes and storages by cell-to-cell simulation. CREST's distinguishing characteristics include: (1) distributed rainfall–runoff generation and cell-to-cell routing; (2) coupled runoff generation and routing via three feedback mechanisms; and (3) representation of sub-grid cell variability of soil moisture storage capacity and sub-grid cell routing (via linear reservoirs). The coupling between the runoff generation and routing mechanisms allows detailed and realistic treatment of hydrological variables such as soil moisture. Furthermore, the representation of soil moisture variability and routing processes at the sub-grid scale enables the CREST model to be readily scalable to multi-scale modelling research. This paper presents the model development and demonstrates its applicability for a case study in the Nzoia basin located in Lake Victoria, Africa.

Citation Wang, J., Yang, H., Li, L., Gourley, J. J., Sadiq, I. K., Yilmaz, K. K., Adler, R. F., Policelli, F. S., Habib, S., Irwn, D., Limaye, A. S., Korme, T. &; Okello, L. (2011) The coupled routing and excess storage (CREST) distributed hydrological model. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(1), 84–98.     

Study on projection of water resources of Dongting Lake catchment based on emission scenarios assumptions

ABSTRACT

With global climate change and impacts of human activity, the water cycle, which has a close relationship with local water resources, has changed rapidly. Based on different greenhouse gas emission scenarios, five relatively independent global climate models are selected from 47 CMIP5 models to simulate future climatic conditions. Data are downscaled to the local projection, with bias neutralized before applying them to the hydrological models, by which availability of future water resources are calculated for the Dongting Lake basin. The results show that the water resources of the Dongting Lake basin are likely to increase in the future, but be distributed more unevenly. All scenarios indicate that water availability will increase during the flood season and decrease during the dry season, with a prominent increase in annual discharge. The scenarios also predict that the greater the greenhouse gas emissions, the more uneven the water distribution becomes. Overall, the water resources of the Dongting Lake catchment show the same increasing and unevenly distributed trend in the future, which could be further accelerated by human activities.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor Q. Zhang     

Geophysical-Archaeological Survey in Lake Tequesquitengo,Morelos, Mexico

In August 2009, a marine geophysical survey was conducted in Lake Tequesquitengo (located in the state of Morelos, Mexico) to delineate the extent of the remains of a small town that has been submerged since the mid 19th century. The survey consists of the acquisition and mapping of magnetic, single beam bathymetric and side-scan sonar data. A dual receiver marine GPS navigation system was used to position the boat during the survey. Except for the larger structural remains that are visible on the side scan sonar images, the magnetic anomaly map proved to be most useful in delineating the extent of the town. These anomalies exhibit short wavelength components in the area surrounding a submerged church, with the shortest wavelength components being confined to the area immediately east of the church. These short wavelength components are only observed near the church; therefore, we propose that they delineate the buried remnants of the submerged town.     

Assessment of the abnormal growth of floating macrophytes in Winam Gulf (Kenya) by using MODIS imagery time series

The objective of this research study is to assess the capability of time-series of MODIS imagery to provide information suitable for enhancing the understanding of the temporal cycles shown by the abnormal growth of the floating macrophytes in order to support monitoring and management action of Lake Victoria water resources.The proliferation of invasive plants and aquatic weeds is of growing concern. Starting from 1989, Lake Victoria has been interested by the high infestation of water hyacinth with significant socio-economic impact on riparian populations.In this paper, we describe an approach based on the time-series of MODIS to derive the temporal behaviour, the abundance and distribution of the floating macrophytes in the Winam Gulf (Kenyan portion of the Lake Victoria) and its possible links to the concentrations of the main water constituencies.To this end, we consider the NDVI values computed from the MODIS imagery time-series from 2000 to 2009 to identify the floating macrophytes cover and an appropriate bio-optical model to retrieve, by means of an inverse procedure, the concentrations of chlorophyll a, coloured dissolved organic matter and total suspended solid.The maps of the floating vegetation based on the NDVI values allow us to assess the spatial and temporal dynamics of the weeds with high time resolution.A floating vegetation index (FVI) has been introduced for describing the weeds pollution level.The results of the analysis show a consistent temporal relation between the water constituent concentrations within the Winam Gulf and the FVI, especially in the proximity of the greatest proliferation of floating vegetation in the last 10 years that occurred between the second half of 2006 and the first half of 2007.The adopted approach will be useful to implement an automatic system for monitoring and predicting the floating macrophytes proliferation in Lake Victoria.