对IPCC第六次评估报告中有关干旱变化的解读

政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）于2021年8月发布了第六次评估报告（AR6）自然科学基础卷的决策者摘要,主要对自2013年第五次评估报告（AR5）以来的气候变化科学研究进展进行了系统的评估,并使用新一代气候模式在新的共享社会经济路径情景下对未来气候变化进行了预估。本文基于AR5和AR6相关章节素材,解读了干旱变化的评估结论。     

振动测量用叉指式硅微加速度计性能研究

硅MEMS加速度仪可以用于地震以及各种工程振动的测量,目前其精度较低,温度灵敏度较高,为了掌握MEMS加速度计的特性,提高其实用性能,本文介绍了一种叉指式硅微机械加速度计(FMSA)表头微结构和系统的工作原理,推导了微结构梁的刚度,利用ANSYS有限元软件分析了FM-SA加速度计的静态特性、动态特性和温度特性,验证了推导的正确性,说明微结构参数是决定FMSA加速度计性能的主要因素,为改进加速度计性能提供了依据,并对其在振动观测领域实际应用提供了理论指导。     

Pushover analysis procedure for systems considering SSI effects based on capacity spectrum method

This paper presents a new procedure to transform an SSI system into an equivalent SDOF system using twice equivalence. A pushover analysis procedure based on the capacity spectrum method for buildings with SSI effects （PASSI） is then established based on the equivalent SDOF system, and the modified response spectrum and equivalent capacity spectrum are obtained. Furthermore, the approximate formulas to obtain the dynamic stiffness of foundations are suggested. Three steel buildings with different story heights （3, 9 and 20） including SSI effects are analyzed under two far-field and two near-field historical records and an artificial seismic time history using the two PASSI procedures and the nonlinear response history analysis （NLhRHA） method. The results are compared and discussed. Finally, combined with seismic design response spectrum, the nonlinear seismic response of a 9-story building with SSI effects is analyzed using the PASSI procedures, and its seismic performance is evaluated according to the Chinese ＇Code for Seismic Design of Buildings. The feasibility of the proposed procedure is verified.     

Reconstruction of earthquake hazard in regions of sparse seismic monitoring

Studying strong motion records and the spatial distribution of ground shaking is of great importance in understanding the underlying causes of damage in earthquakes. Many regions in the world are either not instrumented or are sparsely instrumented. As such, significant opportunities for motion-damage correlations are lost. Two recent and damaging earthquakes belong to the class of lost opportunities, namely the Kashmir (Pakistan) earthquake of October 2005 and the Yogyakarta (Indonesia) earthquake of May 2006. In this paper, an overview of the importance of supply and demand studies in earthquake-stricken regions is given, followed by two examples of investigative engineering seismology aimed at reconstructing the hazard from sparse data. The paper closes with a plea for responsible authorities to invest in seismic monitoring networks in the very near future.     

库车坳陷克拉2气田异常流体压力演化史

根据克拉2气田现今实测地层压力分析了异常高压发育的特征,并通过流体包裹体测试求取包裹体形成时期的古压力。计算结果表明:下白垩统和古近系库姆格列木群砂岩储层在距今8～6Ma(康村组沉积期末)时,古压力系数大致为1.09～1.18,发育过剩压力为4.6～9.6MPa的异常高压。在此基础上,以古、今压力数据为约束条件,利用数值模拟技术定量恢复出下白垩统与侏罗系异常流体压力的演化历史。研究发现:下白垩统储层流体压力经历了沉积型异常流体压力形成发展(白垩纪-库车组沉积期末)和沉积型异常流体压力萎缩—构造挤压型异常流体压力孕育(库车组沉积期末至今)两个阶段。康村组沉积早期沉积型超压开始出现,库车组沉积期末达到顶峰,过剩压力达40～50MPa;此后,在沉积型超压萎缩—构造挤压型超压孕育过程的耦合下,过剩压力曾降至25～30MPa,更新世起超压略有升高。侏罗系流体压力演化较为简单,吉迪克组沉积期开始出现超压,至库车组沉积期末达到高峰,此后异常高压逐渐萎缩。在克拉2气田的主要成藏时期(距今3～1Ma),烃源岩较储层具有更高的异常压力,源—储压力差为10～30MPa。     

基于速度场模型的区域CGCS2000坐标实时转换

从WGS84到CGCS2000的坐标转换,涉及坐标框架转换和历元转换两个问题.如何提高大区域坐标转换精度,是一直以来的研究热点,针对大区域坐标转换精度较低的问题,考虑历元转换,提出融合速度场改正信息的坐标转换方法.该方法对建立速度场改正模型进行了研究,分析比较了各模型的精度和可靠性,在此基础上选择一种模型用于实现CGC...     

河南母山斑岩钼(铜)矿床的构造控制

母山含矿斑岩体内及附近发育NNE向、老EW向、新EW向构造及属于局部构造的NNW向构造和弧形构造.其中,NNE向构造为成矿构造.随着时间演进,成矿构造应力场活动强度逐渐减弱,频率逐渐增强.并且,主应力轴σ1的产状也随时间由向SE陡倾变为水平,最后倾向NW.在成矿构造活动强度较大时,控制了与成矿有关的岩体侵入;在成矿构造活动频率较大时,控制了热液活动及有关的成矿作用.     

铵(氮)在岩石和矿物中地球化学行为研究进展

地壳中的氮大都以NH4 储存在矿物中.由于成岩时含氮有机物质的分解作用,氮广泛分布在沉积岩和低级变质岩中;在岩浆岩和变质岩中,氮主要以NH4 存在于含钾硅酸盐(长石和云母类)中;岩浆岩的δ(15N)值和氮浓度明显地不同于沉积物和变沉积岩,主要是由于有机物的缺乏.具有明显铵含量的火成岩主要是含钾矿物的深成岩.因而NH4 可以作为一个"示踪元素"而用于成矿作用等方面的研究.文章还提出了未来的研究方向.     

CO2浓度增加背景下季风区大气辐射加热响应的差异

大气CO2浓度增加,大气辐射平衡调整,将影响到大气的辐射加热,对季风环流的产生影响.CMIP6结果显示,大气CO2浓度增加,可减弱季风区主雨季对流层高,低层的辐射加热,加强对流层中层的辐射加热.各季风区加热响应的峰值层次不同:亚洲季风区平均层次最高(500-775 hPa),北非,南美,澳洲季风区次之(550-600 ...     

Quantitative Analysis of Paleoatmospheric CO2 Level Based on Stomatal Characters of Fossil Ginkgo from Jurassic to Cretaceous in China

A better theoretical and practical understanding of the linkage between paleo-CO2 and climate during geological history is important to enhance the sustainable development of modern human society. Development in plant physiology since the 1980s has led to the realization that fossil plants can serve as a proxy for paleoatmosphere and paleobiosphere. As a relict gymnosperm with evolutionary stasis, Ginkgo is well suited for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. This paper analyzes fossil Ginkgo species from integrated strata in the north of China using anatomic data of plant physiology. Using stomatal parameters, a trend for the paleo-CO2 level during the Early-Middle Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous was obtained, which is consistent with the estimates by GEOCARB. The trend is also similar to that of Mean Global Surface Temperature in geological time. Compared with three other atmospheric CO2 concentration parameters, the trend of paleo-CO2 level based on the stomatal parameter of the fossil Ginkgo specimens from three contiguous strata is more exact.