Making Space: Residential Trajectories in Hong Kong

Hong Kong is a city with very high densities and low per capita space standards, given its wealth. Most people live in very small apartments in high-rise buildings. Drawing on a survey of more than 2,000 interviewees, this study explores household mobility and changes in consumption of residential space in Hong Kong. Space standards have increased for most households, although increases are small in absolute terms. Distinct from much of the international experience, changes in space consumption of movers appear to be driven mostly by the fundamental limits of household living arrangements under the tight space standards of Hong Kong. Household circumstances and the life-cycle effect also play a role. However, the aggregate level of space consumption is influenced by economic, social, and ecological factors more than the immediate circumstances of individual households.     

The role of morphology on the displacement of particles in a step–pool river system

Although studies of sediment transport in steep and coarse-grained channels have been more numerous in recent years, the dynamics of sediment transport in step–pool river systems remain poorly understood. This paper investigates displacements of individual clasts through Spruce Creek (Québec, Canada), a classic step–pool channel, and the effects of the channel morphology on the path length of the clasts. Passive integrated transponder tags (PIT) were used to track the displacement of 196 individual particles over a range of discharges including the bankfull stage. Clasts were tracked after five sequences of flood events. The results showed that the distance distributions match a two-parameter Gamma model. Equal mobility transport occurs for the particle size investigated during each sequence of flood events. Mean travel distance of the clasts can be estimated from excess stream power, and the mobility of the clasts is more than an order of magnitude less than the model reported in riffle–pool channels. The dominant morphological length scale of the bed also controls the path length of the clasts. These results confirm some preliminary observations on sediment transport in step–pool channels.     

耦合人群移动的COVID-19传染病模型研究进展

构建传染病模型可为疫情防控与公共卫生研究提供至关重要的规划与解析工具。由于宿主行为是传染病传播动态的决定性因素之一,有效耦合人群时空行为对以人为宿主的传染病建模具有重要意义。得益于人群移动大数据研究与应用的快速发展,新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）的疫情建模研究中呈现出了耦合人群移动建模的显著特征。为系统深入理解该项传染病模型研究中的重要进展,本文对相关文献进行分析与总结。首先,本文分析了COVID-19疫情与人群移动的交互影响,说明了耦合人群移动构建COVID-19模型的必要性。然后,根据建模的目的和原理,从疫情短期预测与过程模拟2个角度,对耦合人群移动的COVID-19传染病模型进行分类梳理。其中,根据耦合人群移动的方式,本文将面向疫情短期预测的模型分为人群移动一阶量与人群移动二阶量的耦合模型,将基于过程模拟的模型分为群体级别和个体级别的耦合模型。最后,本文评述了耦合人群移动的传染病模型研究进展和未来发展方向,认为该领域研究亟需更加深入建模与疾病传播相关的复杂人群时空行为、提升模型的空间解析能力、突破精细化时空传播模拟的计算瓶颈、拓展与前沿人工智能方法的融合,并构建普适而开放的建模数据与工具以促进应用发展。     

Ion migration in nepheline: a dielectric spectroscopy and computer modelling study

 Using a combination of dielectric spectroscopy and atomistic computer simulation techniques, the dynamical behaviour of the loosely bound (Na⁺ and K⁺) channel ions in nepheline has been investigated. The low-frequency dielectric properties of a natural Bancroft nepheline have been studied from room temperature to 1100 K. At each temperature, the dielectric constant, conductivity and dielectric loss were determined over a range of frequencies from 100 Hz to 10 MHz. At high temperatures a distinct Debye-type relaxation in the dielectric loss spectrum was observed; the activation energy for this process was determined to be 1.38 ± 0.02 eV. Atomistic simulation techniques were used to elucidate the mechanism and energetics of cation migration. A mechanism involving the hopping of Na⁺ ions between oval sites and partially occupied hexagonal (K⁺) sites, via a bottleneck consisting of a distorted sixfold ring of (Al,Si)O₄ tetrahedra, was found to give a calculated energy barrier in very good agreement with the experimentally determined activation energy. These results confirm the nature of the process responsible for the observed dielectric behaviour. Overall, this study demonstrates the intrinsic, microscopic control of cation diffusion processes in rock-forming minerals. Identifying specific energy barriers and preferred diffusion pathways is fundamental to the prediction of diffusion energetics. Received: 8 May 2000 / Accepted: 21 July 2000     

Arrested charnockite formation at Kottavattam, southern India

Abstract At Kottavattam, southern Kerala (India), late Proterozoic homogeneous leptynitic garnet–biotite gneisses of granitic composition have been transformed on a decimetric scale into coarse-grained massive charnockite sensu stricto along a set of conjugate fractures transecting the gneissic foliation. Charnockitization post-dates the polyphase deformation, regional high-grade metamorphism and anatexis, and evidently occurred at a late stage of the Pan-African tectonothermal history. Geothermobarometric and fluid inclusion data document textural and chemical equilibration of the gneiss and charnockite assemblages at similar P_lith–T conditions (650–700°C, 5–6 kbar) in the presence of carbonic fluids internally buffered by reaction with graphite and opaque mineral phases (X_CO2= 0.7–0.6; X_H2O= 0.2–0.3; X_N2= 0.1; log f_O2= -17.5). Mineralogical zonation indicates that charnockitization of the leptynitic gneiss involved first the breakdown of biotite and oxidation of graphite in narrow, outward-migrating transition zones adjacent to the gneiss, followed by the breakdown of garnet and the neoblastesis of hypersthene in the central charnockite zone. Compared to the host gneiss, the charnockite shows higher concentrations of K, Na, Sr, Ba and Zn and lower concentrations of Mg, Fe, Ti, V, Y, Zr and the HREE, with a complementary pattern in the narrow transition zones of biotite breakdown. The P_lith–T–X_H2O data and chemical zonation patterns indicate charnockitization through subsolidus-dehydration reaction in an open system. Subsequent residence of the carbonic fluids in the charnockite resulted in low-grade alteration causing modification of the syn-charnockitic elemental distribution patterns and the properties of entrapped fluids. We favour an internally controlled process of arrested charnockitization in which, during near-isothermal uplift, the release of carbonic fluids from decrepitating inclusions in the host gneiss into simultaneously developing fracture zones led to a change in the fluid regime from ‘fluid-absent’in the gneiss to ‘fluid-present’in the fracture zones and to the development of an initial fluid-pressure gradient, triggering the dehydration reaction.     

Fractionation of Ni,Cr and Cu from Soil by Sequential Extraction Procedure and Determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Five‐step sequential extractions were employed to fractionation of Ni, Cr and Cu in soil polluted by anthropogenic activities and determine the mobility of the metals. Twelve samples were collected on an agricultural area that was located near an airport and intercity roads in Elazig‐Turkey. Exchangeable, organically bounded, carbonate bounded, adsorbed species on Fe and Mn oxides and residual species (except silicates) of Ni, Cr and Cu were extracted into solution by using CaCl₂, Na₄P₂O₇, Na₂EDTA, NH₂OH–HCl and HNO₃–H₂O₂, respectively. Mobile metal concentrations in fractions and total recoverable in soils were determined by using inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES). Total recoverable Ni, Cr and Cu concentrations were in the range of 40–119, 45–126 and 23–72 mg kg^?1, respectively. It was observed that total concentrations of metals in some of the samples were higher than the permitted values. The sum of the mobile percentages of metals was found to be lower than 50%. The Ni, Cr and Cu percentages for exchangeable species are in the ranges of 0.18–1.64, 0.03–0.59 and 0.42–2.53%, respectively.     

某低品位铁矿中铁钛元素赋存状态研究

以电子探针(EPMA)为主要研究手段,结合常规化学分析、化学物相分析、透反射显微镜研究,对黔西北某地低品位铁矿中铁—钛的赋存状态进行了详细研究。研究结果表明,矿石中铁主要以褐铁矿形式存在,少量以赤铁矿产出。载铁矿物与粘土矿物常常混杂出现,分布不均,团块大小差异也大,矿物间的嵌布关系复杂;钛在矿石中一是以微细粒的独立矿物金红石、锐钛矿、钛铁矿与脉石矿物相互混杂分布,另一种则是蚀变残留于褐铁矿中类质同象的钛。根据铁、钛赋存特征研究结果,对该矿石提出了"分散—絮凝—磁选"分离预富集铁—钛矿物、"直接还原法"实现铁钛分离的工艺建议。     

两种识别结构模态参数时域法的对比研究

模态参数是有效评估结构安全状况的关键参数,在结构抗震加固和健康诊断领域得到广泛应用。与频域法相比较,时域法直接利用实测的振动信号识别模态参数,不需要进行频域变换,减少数据处理带来的误差,并且可以实现大型结构的在线识别,真实地反应结构的现状。以同济大学12层钢筋混凝土标准框架振动台模型试验完整数据为对象,在详细介绍ITD法和复指数法2种时域法理论的基础上,通过编程选取结构不同测点的振动加速度时程数据,识别了小震和强震工况下12层钢筋混凝土框架模型振动台试验模型的模态频率和阻尼比,并结合移动谱识别结构模态参数的时变特性。结果表明:ITD法和复指数法可有效地识别结构的模态参数,自振频率的识别精度较高,而阻尼比的离散度较大;小震工况频率变化值不大,而强震工况频率值较初始时刻有明显的下降,这与试验现象是吻合的,进一步说明移动谱与这2种时域法相结合可以反应结构在塑性阶段的参数时变特性。     

Itinerant livelihoods: Street vending‐scapes and the politics of mobility in upland socialist Vietnam

This paper explores the politics of mobility for a group of rural inhabitants attempting to diversify their livelihoods in an especially prescribed environment, namely ethnic minority street vendors living and working in upland socialist Vietnam. These Hmong, Yao and Giáy individuals face a political environment where access and trade rights shift on a near‐daily basis because of the impulses of state officials, and where ethnicity is central to determining who gets to be mobile and how. We analyse three groups of itinerant vendors—those vending on the streets of an upland tourist town, the mobile minority wholesalers who supply them and other traders, and vendors who trek with Western tourists—to reveal the nature of this trade environment, while also highlighting the ways in which ethnic minority vendors negotiate, work around and contest vending restrictions in numerous innovative ways. We find that this focus on the micro‐geographies and everyday politics of mobility is essential to understanding how rural Global South livelihoods are fashioned and diversified, in this case revealing specific relationships and negotiations regarding resource access, ethnicity, state authority and livelihood strategies.     

广州市三类社区居住满意度与迁居意愿研究

通过问卷调查了解广州三种不同类型居住区即传统老城区、城中村、商品房小区居民的迁居情况,利用线性回归和多元Logistic回归,对不同类型居住区居民迁居后居住满意度的决定因素和居民迁居意愿产生的影响因素进行了研究。研究发现:不同类型居住区居民迁居后居住满意度的影响因素不同,总体上受社区归属感、住房所有权、设施完善程度影响较大,且与在本居住区居住时间呈负相关关系;迁居意愿的产生受很多因素的综合影响,不同类型居住区迁居意愿的影响因素有所差异。传统老城区家庭总月收入越低,居民对现住房越满意,越不可能产生迁居意愿,男性比女性更容易产生迁居意愿,高学历者更容易产生迁居意愿;城中村居民迁居意愿的产生是多种因素的复杂作用结果,其中社区归属感越强烈,越不可能产生迁居意愿;商品房小区居民的迁居意愿受户主年龄和婚姻状况的影响较大。研究结果表明西方的迁居理论,如生命周期理论并未能完全适用于中国,这与转型期中国城市复杂的住房构成和住房市场机制相关。