重力梯度同步观测方法

为了克服传统陆地重力梯度测量方法的不足,提出了利用两台或多台具有电子读数的相对重力仪测量重力梯度的同步观测方法和相应的数据处理模型,该方法无需进行固体潮改正和零漂改正而直接求解重力差,垂直重力梯度实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Spatial distribution patterns of wetland plants in relation to environmental gradient in the Honghe National Nature Reserve, Northeast China

Quantifying correlation between the spatial patterns of natural wetland plants and environmental gradient gives better understanding of wetland habitats, which is the fundamental for the strategy making on the protection and restoration of natural wetlands. In this study, the spatial patterns of wetland plants and the environmental gradient of wetland habitats were assessed in the Honghe National Nature Reserve (HNNR) in Northeast China, a wetland of international importance on the Ramsar list. Biophysical parameters' values of wetland plants were obtained by field sampling methods, and wetland mapping at the community scale was completed using remote sensing techniques. Digital delineation of the surface water system, hydrological zoning and wetness index were produced by spatial analysis methods in Geographic Information System. An ecological ordination method and two clustering methods were used to quantify the relationship between the spatial distribution patterns of wetland plants and the corresponding environmental gradients. Such quantitative analyses also present the specific diversity of different types of wetland plants based on the environmental attributes of their habitats. With the support from modern geo-information techniques, the experimental results indicate how four ecotypes of wetland plants spatially transit from forest swamp, shrub wetland and meadow into marsh wetland with increasing wetness index and water table. And they also show how wetland spatial distribution patterns are controlled by an environmental gradient of wetness. Another key finding of this research work is that our results present the exact fundamental differences between marsh and non-marsh plants of 11 wetland plant communities within the core study area. Hence, this case study gives a good sample for better understanding of the complex correlation between the spatial patterns of wetland plants and their environmental attributes using advanced digital analysis methods. It is also useful to show how to integrate geoinformatic techniques with statistical analysis methods based on the field data base.     

基于密度梯度曲线的中国城市地价特征及区域差异

选取超大型综合性城市以外的全国不同区域和职能类型的33个城市为样本,采用地价密度梯度曲线模型,对其进行曲线回归分析,得出各城市商业、住宅地价的中心值和曲率系数。分析发现现阶段我国城市地价密度梯度曲线总体上符合城市地价变动的一般规律:城市中心地价与城市规模呈正相关关系;曲率系数与城市规模呈负相关关系;商业地价曲线曲率系数比住宅地价曲线曲率系数高。再此基础上对地价梯度曲线曲率系数进行聚类分析,总结出中国城市地价的不同类型特征。另外通过对我国东中西部30个城市样本的地价梯度系数的统计分析,从空间差异角度发现三类地区的地价呈现不同特征规律。     

闽江河口区盐—淡水梯度下芦苇沼泽土壤有机碳特征

为了阐明盐—淡水梯度下河口潮汐沼泽土壤有机碳特征,对闽江河口盐—淡水梯度下芦苇(Phragmites australis)沼泽土壤有机碳含量、储量及其影响因子进行了测定与分析。结果表明,随着芦苇沼泽由淡水向半咸水沼泽演替,沼泽土壤粘粒和粉粒组成都在增加,土壤pH、容重和砂粒组成则在减小;尤溪洲湿地、蝙蝠洲湿地和鳝鱼滩湿地上分布的芦苇沼泽0～60cm土壤的有机碳含量分别为11.56～14.72g/kg、14.01～19.72g/kg和20.93～22.89g/kg,其平均值分别为12.47g/kg、16.62g/kg和21.97g/kg;3个采样点的0～60cm深度各层土壤有机碳储量范围分别为1408.71～1670.31t/km2、1328.44～1659.80t/km2和1319.93～1677.96t/km2,其平均值分别为1534.13t/km2、1548.12t/km2和1569.22t/km2;3块湿地芦苇沼泽0～60cm土壤的总有机碳储量分别为9204.79t/km2、9288.71t/km2和9415.35t/km2。在盐—淡水梯度下,芦苇沼泽土壤有机碳含量和储量都表现为随着盐度的增加而升高;盐—淡水梯度下沼泽土壤有机碳含量受到多个因子的调控。     

ENSO事件对东亚副热带西风急流影响的诊断分析

本文利用NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,用合成分析和相关分析方法就ENSO事件对东亚副热带西风急流的影响进行诊断分析.主要结论为:El Nino年冬季200 hPa东亚副热带西风急流主要在急流出口区纬向风有正距平,急流增强东扩.而La Nina年冬季急流在急流出口区纬向风有负距平,急流减弱西移.El Nino年夏季急流增强,主要在急流区内的偏南部纬向风有正距平.La Nina年夏季急流减弱,主要在急流区内的偏南部纬向风有负距平;相关分析表明东亚副热带西风急流冬、夏季纬向风与热带中东太平洋冬、夏季海表温度有显著的相关.研究表明,ENSO年冬、夏季对流层中上层有较大的气温异常,并由此产生大的经向温度梯度的异常,这可能是ENSO事件影响东亚副热带西风急流的原因之一.     

东天山喀尔里克山北坡-淖毛湖植物群落物种多样性研究

以东天山喀尔里克山北坡-淖毛湖为研究区,探讨了该区山地-荒漠生态系统的植物种类组成、植被类型及群落物种多样性特征.结果表明:该区共有高等植物33科93属133种,植物生活型组成以草本植物居多.群落物种多样性测度指数的主成分分析结果显示,物种丰富度指数(R)、Pielou均匀度指数(Jsi)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)和Simpson优势度指数(C)能很好地描述群落结构和组成特征.其中,多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数的变化趋势基本一致,优势度指数则和前三者呈负消长的关系.随着海拔升高,群落物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数变化均呈现单峰分布格局,即植物群落的物种多样性在山前荒漠生态系统和高海拔山地生态系统中较低,而在中海拔地区达到最大.     

山西沁水盆地热史演化特征

沁水盆地是华北克拉通内的构造盆地,是天然气勘探的潜在重要区域,盆地的热史研究是天然气储层评价的重要基础。重点应用磷灰石裂变径迹的分析与模拟,配合镜质体反射率的分析与模拟以及区域构造地质背景分析,恢复了沁水盆地的古地温梯度和地热演化模型:早古生代地温梯度稳定,为3℃/100 m,晚二叠世至三叠纪地温梯度较前期略有降低,约为2.5~3.0℃/100 m;早、中侏罗世地温梯度开始上升,约为3.0~4.0℃/100 m;晚侏罗世—早白垩世地温梯度大幅度上升,为4.5~6.5℃/100 m;晚白垩世至古近纪早、中期为高地温场的延续时期,地温梯度为5.5~6.5℃/100 m;古近纪晚期—新近纪早期地温梯度大幅度降低,从6.0℃/100 m骤降至4.2℃/100 m左右;中新世以来地温场逐渐趋于稳定,地温梯度由4℃/100 m演变到接近现代地温场的3℃/100 m左右。     

基于梯度对称性的无人机影像电力线自动提取方法

针对航空影像电力线提取过程中,背景线特征(电力杆塔、道路和植被等)干扰问题和电力线提取准确性问题,提出一种基于梯度对称性的电力线特征判别方法。采用Line Segment Detector(LSD)算法,对航空影像进行线特征提取;基于电力线附近梯度的对称性特征,实现从大量线段中准确筛选电力线段;采用缓冲区序列化线段连接算法,实现了电力线的自动连接。通过实验证明,提出的方法能够排除背景干扰并准确、完整地提取整条电力线。     

Água Bonita pull apart basin and its relationship to Transbrasiliano Lineament

The Transbrasiliano Lineament (TBL), a NE-SW trending strike slip system at least 2700 km long, is one of the main structures of the South American Platform. This lineament, along with other structures, influenced greatly the installation and depositional history of the Paraná and Parnaíba sedimentary basins. The Água Bonita Basin (ABB) occurs at an intermediate position between both basins. This work aims to provide information on the origin and evolution of the Água Bonita Basin, considered a Silurian-Devonian basin, as well as its relationship with the Transbrasiliano Lineament.Geological, aero and ground geophysics data were used to determine a structural geological model for the ABB located in the Brasilia Fold Belt in the Tocantins tectonic province. The airborne geophysical magnetic data used in the study were acquired in the 1970s by the existing 147 ground gravity stations in addition to the 498 new ground gravity and geodetic stations that were added to the existing ones.The analysis of the outcrops allowed identifying the sedimentary facies associations providing new information on the depositional environments. The compilation of existing data, satellite images analysis, geological maps and shaded relief provided an integrated model for the study area.A geological model was proposed for the ABB based on the interpretation, integration, depth analysis and 2D gravity forward modeling according to a theoretical model for an extensional duplex in a strike slip system with flower structures. We observed several segmented gravity anomalies, which were interpreted as steps/faults. This interpretation is consistent with a pull apart basin. According to the depth data estimated by this model, the maximum thickness of the Água Bonita Formation is 1.6 km and 2.4 km for the precursor rift. The basin has two dextral faults on each border, whose main fault of the TBL strike slip system and the master fault controlling the ABB are observed on the east border of the rift phase. Lineaments perpendicular to the west edge, in addition to those crossing the ABB in the N65E, delineate peculiar magnetic, gravity and geological signatures in the northern part of the basin. The basin is located in the weak region of the TBL and its main eastern fault is dipping sub-vertically to the west. This fault modeled up to the 8 km depth using the gravity data, was also observed in the Tilt Angle of the Total Horizontal Gradient (TAHG) matched filter grid result at approximately 8 km, however this may not be this fault maximum depth.Three main sedimentary-tectonic stages were observed, (i) a Pre-Devonian precursor rift present in the Água Bonita Basin and Jaibaras Group; (ii) the sag stage developed during the Devonian, when the Paleozoic basins of Paraná, Parnaíba and Água Bonita Basin were connected evidenced by the sedimentary facies and similar thicknesses; and (iii) the Pos-devonian rocks that are probably not preserved in the Água Bonita Basin.     

冻结作用下考虑补水层影响的水分迁移试验

冻融协同淋洗修复污染土壤的过程中,为了提高淋洗效率,须使土体在冻结过程中吸收更多的水分或淋洗液。因此,通过室内大尺寸单向冻结水分迁移试验,开展了开放系统下温度梯度、冻结速率及补水方式对水分迁移的影响研究。试验结果表明：冻结过程中土中水分迁移与温度梯度的变化速率有关,变化速率越大水分迁移量越大;可以通过边界温度控制冻结锋面推移速度进而影响土中水分的迁移,当冻结锋面推移速度为0.5 cm·d^-1左右时,补水速率最大;距离冻结锋面越近水分迁移量越大,当距离冻结锋面10 cm左右时,水分迁移量开始增大,可通过在土体中添加多层补水层的方式让土体吸收更多的水分;有外界水源的补给下土体含水量整体增加,但上层土体含水量增加较多,下层土体含水量增加较少。