平行路段模式识别与简化初探

道路网模式中的平行路段作为一种局部模式,其识别与简化是地图综合研究的重要内容.本文在分析平行路段产生的原因和常见形态后,绐出一种利于简化的平行路段分类方法,并提出基于平头缓冲区搜寻备选平行路段进而利用平行性测度判断路段是否平行的方法.在此基础上,针对3类平行路段分别提出对应的几何化简与连通关系简化方法.实验结果表明,该识别与简化方法能够对路网模式中的平行路段进行有效地综合,具有一定的实用价值,对进一步研究具有参考价值.     

Evolution of thrust system deformation in an intracratonic chain: Study of the Southern-Central Tunisian Atlas

The development of belt structures in intracratonic chains is guided by the convergence system. In the Southern-Central Tunisian Atlas, several parameters control the evolution of thrust folds during different tectonic phases. One of these phases is tectonic inheritance, which leads to the reactivation of pre-existing normal faults during compressive phases. The angle between the direction of these faults and the shortening axis (NNW-SSE) is the most important parameter for interpreting the mode of the evolution of thrust folds. Jebel Elkebar is an example of a structure developed on NW-SE-oriented faults that is perpendicular to the shortening axis. Based on the geometry of its folds, Jebel Elkebar is interpreted as a 'Fault Related Fold'. The E-W-oriented Orbata structure is oblique to the direction of the shortening axis and is interpreted through the model 'Fault Propagation Fold' with 'Breakthrough'. The Gafsa Fault, which is parallel to the shortening axis, is a transpressional fault interpreted through the 'Strain Partitioning' mode, which is associated with the oblique ramp fold. The development of various thrust folds requires the presence of a basal decollement level during the Triassic succession. In the Southern-Central Tunisian Atlas, the deformation is variable (geometry of fold closure) and is correlated with the depth of the decollement level; indeed, the intensity of deformation is proportional to the depth of the decollement level. Consequently, the most important deformation is in the higher successions and is a vertical migration of the decollement level associated with thin-skinned deformation.     

Fe–Mg diffusion in olivine I: experimental determination between 700 and 1,200<Emphasis Type="Bold">°</Emphasis>C as a function of composition,crystal orientation and oxygen fugacity

We have determined Fe–Mg diffusion coefficients in olivines from different sources (Nanga Parbat, Pakistan and San Carlos, Arizona, USA) at atmospheric pressure as a function of composition, oxygen fugacity (10⁻⁵–10⁻¹² Pa) and temperature (700–1200°C) using thin films produced by pulsed laser deposition and RBS to analyze the concentration profiles. We have characterized the nano-scale structure and composition of the thin films annealed at various conditions and shown that the nature of the film (e.g. crystallinity, wetting behavior) depends strongly on the annealing conditions. If these variations are not taken into account in the form of boundary conditions for modeling the diffusion profiles, artifacts would result in the diffusion data. The diffusion coefficients obtained from 75 experiments reveal that (i) between fO₂ of 10⁻⁵ and 10⁻¹⁰ Pa, diffusion along all three principal crystallographic directions in olivine, [100], [010] and [001], are described by a constant activation energy of ∼200 kJ/mol, precluding any temperature dependence of diffusion anisotropy and change of mechanism of diffusion at temperatures between 950 and 1200°C, (ii) diffusion coefficients increase with oxygen fugacity at fO₂ > 10⁻¹⁰ Pa, with an fO₂ exponent that lies between 1/4 and 1/7, and (iii) at fO₂ below 10⁻¹⁰ Pa, and consequently at temperatures below ∼900°C, diffusion becomes weakly dependent/independent of fO₂, indicating a change of diffusion mechanism. Activation energy of diffusion at these conditions is slightly higher, ∼220 kJ/mol. The data, including the change of mechanism, are analyzed in terms of point defect chemistry in Part II of this work to derive an equation that allows calculation of diffusivities in olivine over its entire field of stability. Availability of directly measured data at temperatures down to 700°C imply that for the first time diffusion coefficients can be interpolated, rather than extrapolated, for modeling most natural systems.     

华南埃迪卡拉（震旦）系年代地层划分方案及其层型剖面

依据华南峡东标准剖面的地球化学和多重地层划分对比资料,2014年全国地层委员会发布了埃迪卡拉（震旦）系年代地层划分暂定方案。该方案近年来已经受到来自生物地层学和同位素地质年代学研究所获得的新成果、新认识的挑战,迫切需要推出新的具体划分方案,建立新的阶一级层型剖面,作为华南乃至全国埃迪卡拉系的对比划分标准。为此,本文建议在埃迪卡拉纪以生物地层学为主确立年代地层单元的划分标准,提出在华南分别建立埃迪卡拉系上统和下统的顶阶层型剖面,即江川阶和瓮会阶。本文推荐了这两阶的相关顶、底界线层型剖面及标志化石、推测年龄和内部细分的化石带;其次初步设计了新的埃迪卡拉系、统、阶年代地层格架（地层柱）,提议待定的上、下统及其余各阶名称,指明今后重点工作、细致研究的层型剖面和对比区域。     

The role of time and aggregate size in the crusting process

One of the fundamental mechanisms operative during pre-overland flow soil erosion is crusting. The form of the crust, its relationship to infiltration, have been described by earlier workers. But the way in which a crust forms and develops through a single storm has not been considered. A set of controlled laboratory experiments were undertaken to look at this. In these experiments a constant rainfall intensity was used, and supplied by a rainfall simulator, the soil was held constant throughout the experiments. The areal development through a single storm event was looked at by means of time sequence air photographs, and the vertical development by the study of time sequence thin sections. The results show how crust formation may be regarded as a discrete rapid event with respect to time. The rapid development moves towards an equilibrium state prior to the initiation of overland flow. A model of the mechanisms of crust development is also formulated.     

An effective thin cloud removal procedure for visible remote sensing images

Clouds are obstructions for land-surface observation, which result in the regional information being blurred or even lost. Thin clouds are transparent, and images of regions covered by thin clouds contain information about both the atmosphere and the ground. Therefore, thin cloud removal is a challenging task as the ground information is easily affected when the thin cloud removal is performed. An efficient and effective thin cloud removal method is proposed for visible remote sensing images in this paper, with the aim being to remove the thin clouds and also restore the ground information. Since thin cloud is considered as low-frequency information, the proposed method is based on the classic homomorphic filter and is executed in the frequency domain. The optimal cut-off frequency for each channel is determined semi-automatically. In order to preserve the clear pixels and ensure the high fidelity of the result, cloudy pixels are detected and handled separately. As a particular kind of low-frequency information, cloud-free water surfaces are specially treated and corrected. Since only cloudy pixels are involved in the calculation, the method is highly efficient and is suited for large remote sensing scenes. Scenes including different land-cover types were selected to validate the proposed method, and a comparison analysis with other methods was also performed. The experimental results confirm that the proposed method is effective in correcting thin cloud contaminated images while preserving the true spectral information.     

Hydrogen collisions in planetary atmospheres, ionospheres, and magnetospheres

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. Molecular hydrogen is the dominant chemical species in the atmospheres of the giant planets. Because of their low masses, neutral and ionized hydrogen atoms are the dominant species in the high atmospheres of many planets. Finally, protons are the principal heavy component of the solar wind.Here we present a critical evaluation of the current state of understanding of the chemical reaction rates and collision cross sections for several important hydrogen collision processes in planetary atmospheres, ionospheres, and magnetospheres. Accurate ab initio quantum theory will play an important role. The collision processes are grouped as follows:

(a)

H⁺+H charge transfer,

(b)

H⁺+H₂(v) charge transfer and vibrational relaxation, and

(c)

H₂(v,J)+H₂ vibrational, rotational, and ortho-para relaxation.

In each case we provide explicit representations as tabulations or compact formulas. Particularly important conclusions are that H⁺+H₂(v) collisions are more likely to result in vibrational relaxation than charge transfer and H₂ ortho-para conversion is at least an order-of-magnitude faster than previously assumed.     

Sr,Nd,Pb and trace element systematics of the New Caledonia harzburgites:Tracking source depletion and contamination processes in a SSZ setting

The New Caledonia ophiolite(Peridotite Nappe)consists primarily of harzburgites,locally overlain by mafic-ultramafic cumulates,and minor spinel and plagioclase lherzolites.In this study,a comprehensive geochemical data set(major and trace element,Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes)has been obtained on a new set of fresh harzburgites in order to track the processes recorded by this mantle section and its evolution.The studied harzburgites are low-strain tectonites showing porphyroclastic textures,locally grading into protomylonitic textures.They exhibit a refractory nature,as attested by the notable absence of primary clinopyroxene,very high Fo content of olivine(91-93 mol.%),high Mg#of orthopyroxene(0.91-0.93)and high Cr#of spinel(0.44-0.71).The harzburgites are characterised by remarkably low REE concentrations(<0.1 chondritic values)and display"U-shaped"profiles,with steeply sloping HREE(DyN/YbN=0.07-0.16)and fractionated LREE-MREE segments(LaN/SmN=2.1-8.3),in the range of modern fore-arc peridotites.Geochemical modelling shows that the HREE composition of the harzburgites can be reproduced by multi-stage melting including a first phase of melt depletion in dry conditions(15%fractional melting),followed by hydrous melting in a subduction zone setting(up to 15%-18%).However,melting models fail to explain the enrichments observed for some FME(i.e.Ba,Sr,Pb),LREE-MREE and Zr-Hf.These enrichments,coupled with the frequent occurrence of thin,undeformed films of Al2 O3,and CaO-poor orthopyroxene(Al2O3=0.88-1.53 wt.%,CaO=0.31-0.56 wt.%)and clinopyroxene with low Na2 O(0.03-0.16 wt.%),Al2 O3(0.66-1.35 wt.%)and TiO2(0.04-0.10 wt.%)contents,point to FME addition during fluid-assisted melting followed by late stage metasomatism most likely operated by subductionrelated melts with a depleted trace element signature.Nd isotopic ratios range from unradiogenic to radiogenic(-0.80<εNdi≤+13.32)and negatively correlate with Sr isotopes(0.70257≤87Sr/86Sr≤0.70770).Pb isotopes cover a wide range,trending from DMM toward enriched,sediment-like,compositions.We interpret the geochemical signature displayed by the New Caledonia harzburgites as reflecting the evolution of a highly depleted fore-arc mantle wedge variably modified by different fluid and melt inputs during Eocene subduction.     

南京三桥北主塔钢混结合段施工测量技术

南京三桥是我国首座采用钢塔柱的钢箱梁斜拉桥，本文以北主塔施工为例，介绍钢塔柱施工的关键工序一钢混结合段的施工测量技术。     

等值反磁通原理瞬变电磁法探测薄层能力

等值反磁通原理瞬变电磁法(OCTEM)的应用日益普遍.为了研究其探测能力,论文基于正演层状模型的瞬变二次磁场时间导数响应,以包含薄层的响应和不包含薄层的背景响应的相对误差作为评价指标,对比分析了不同埋深、不同厚度、不同电阻率薄层以及不同电阻率围岩等情况下的瞬变电磁响应相对异常.结果表明:OCTEM对低阻薄层较对高阻薄层更敏感,薄层与围岩电阻率差异越大,薄层厚度与埋深比越大,越容易被探测到.以响应相对异常值15%作为临界标准探讨了OCTEM方法的探测能力(薄层厚度与可探测埋深的百分比):对于低阻薄层,当与围岩电阻率比值为0.1时,OCTEM探测能力约为1.5%;对于高阻薄层,当与围岩电阻率比值为10时,OCTEM探测能力约为20%.相同情况下常规单磁源瞬变电磁法的探测能力分别为2%和25%,略低于OCTEM对薄层的分辨能力.