Apport des isotopes stables dans l'estimation des altitudes de recharge de sources thermales du MarocRecharge altitude estimation of thermal springs using stable isotopes in Morocco

The recharge altitude estimation of thermal springs from northern and eastern Morocco using ¹⁸O and ²H contents requires the definition of regional isotopic altitudinal gradients (?0.25‰ for 100 m for the Rif and ?0.30‰ for the East) and the calculation of residence time using ¹⁴C. The altitudes of emergence vary widely between 170 and 1040 m under the altitude of the recharge areas. The ¹⁸O and ²H compositions of palaeowaters ($\text{>10}\text{000}$ yr BP) indicate two effects, altitude and palaeoclimate. To cite this article: A. Winckel et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 469–474.     

集成BP网络在城市地下水水质评价中的应用

为了克服传统BP网络的不足,发挥共轭梯度法和梯度下降法各自的优势,本文介绍了在城市地下水水质评价模型中采用集成BP网络、用共轭梯度法和梯度下降法相结合的混合算法来训练网络的方法.通过实例表明,将此网络模型应用于城市地下水水质评价是有效的、可行的.     

Rates of sheet and rill erosion in Germany — A meta-analysis

Knowledge of erosion rates under real conditions is of great concern regarding sustainability of landuse and off-site effects on water bodies and settlements. Experimentally derived rates of sheet and rill erosion are often biased by experimental settings, which deviate considerably from typical landuse, by short measuring periods and by small spatial extensions, which do not account for the pronounced spatio-temporal variability of erosion events. We compiled data from 27 studies covering 1076 plot years to account for this variability. Modelling was used to correct for deficiencies in the experimental settings, which overrepresented arable land and used steeper and shorter slopes as well as higher erosivity than typically found in reality. For example, the average slope gradient was 5.9° for all arable plot experiments while it is only 2.6° on total arable land in Germany. The expected soil loss by sheet and rill erosion in Germany after taking real slopes, landuse and erosivity into account averaged 2.7 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1. Annual crops contributed the largest proportion (90%) but hops despite its negligible contribution to landuse (0.06%) still contribute 1.0% due to its extraordinary rapid erosion, which was even faster than the measured bare fallow soil loss standardized to otherwise identical conditions. Bare fallow soil loss, which is often used as baseline, was 80 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1 when standardized to 5.1° slope gradient, 200 m flow path length, and average German erosivity.     

Spatial and temporal intensification of lateral hyporheic flux in narrowing intra‐meander zones

Meander bends in alluvial rivers morphologically evolve towards meander cut‐off with narrowing intra‐meander necks, and this should steepen hydraulic gradients and intensify intra‐meander hyporheic flux. This research used dye tracking and head loss measurements in a 1 : 500 planimetrically scaled laboratory river table to quantify the spatial and temporal intensification of intra‐meander flux rates at two evolution ages. The younger meander bend, M1, had a sinuosity of 2.3, a river neck width of 0.39 cm, and 0.6% river slope, and the older meander bend, M3, had a sinuosity of 5.2, a river neck width of 0.12 cm, and 0.5% river slope. Flux into and out of the meander bend was estimated along the normalized curvilinear distance s*, with the meander neck at s* = 0.1 and s* = 0.9, the meander centroid at s* = 0.37 and s* = 0.63, and the apex at s* = 0.5. Between the meander centroid and neck, we documented a 60% spatial intensification for M1 and a 90% spatial intensification for M3. Between M1 and M3, we documented a 135% temporal intensification at the neck and a 100% intensification at the centroid. Our empirical spatial and temporal intensification rates involving the M1 and the M3 scenario were one to three times lower than theoretical rates derived from a river evolution model with equivalent M1 and M3 planimetry. Overestimation by the theoretical model was attributed to exaggerated head loss caused by the model neglecting groundwater contributions to river stage. Hyporheic exchange provides critical ecosystem services, and its spatial and temporal variation with meander evolution should be considered in river management. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种时空域优化的高精度交错网格差分算子与正演模拟

如何有效压制数值频散是有限差分正演模拟研究中的关键问题之一.近年来,许多学者对二阶声波方程的差分算子开展了大量的优化工作,在压制频散方面取得不错的效果.一阶压强-速度方程广泛用于研究地震波在地下变密度模型中传播规律,目前针对一阶方程的优化工作大多只是在空间差分算子上展开.本文在前人研究的基础上,推导出一阶声波方程中压强场与偏振速度场之间的解析关系,据此在传统交错网格基础上给出一种高精度的显式时间递推格式,该递推格式将时间差分与空间差分算子结合在一起,并采用共轭梯度法得到精确时间递推匹配系数,实现时空差分算子的同时优化.在编程实现算法的基础上,通过频散分析与三个典型模型测试表明：本文方法能够较为有效地压制时间频散与空间频散,提高数值计算精度;同时对复杂模型也有很好适用性.     

土壤梯度温度测定方法模拟试验研究

土壤梯度温度的测定 ,由于测定过程中造成土体结构和地面覆盖物破坏和挠动 ,都可能造成测值的偏离 ,不能反映原态土壤梯度温度的真实情况。采用插入式多温点梯级组合测温探头进行土壤梯度温度的测定 ,是一种实现土壤原态———原位测定的可行方法。     

线性参数系统的多新息辨识方法

系统有线性和非线性之分.线性系统有统一的描述形式,非线性系统因类别无数,不可能有统一描述.线性参数系统是一类特殊的非线性系统,它在参数空间上呈现线性特征,介于线性系统与非线性系统之间.针对伪线性参数系统,讨论了基于辅助模型的多新息辨识方法、基于滤波的辅助模型多新息辨识方法、基于模型分解的辅助模型多新息辨识方法、基于滤波的分解多新息辨识方法,并给出了几个典型辨识算法的计算量、计算步骤和流程图.     

Nonlinear incremental analysis of fire-damaged r.c. base-isolated structures subjected to near-fault ground motions

Amplification of structural response of r.c. base-isolated structures is expected under near-fault ground motions, yet there is a lack of knowledge of their behavior in the case of fire. To investigate the nonlinear seismic response following a fire, an incremental dynamic analysis is carried out on five-storey r.c. base-isolated framed buildings with fire-protected High-Damping-Laminated-Rubber Bearings (HDLRBs), designed in line with the Italian seismic code. Horizontal components of near-fault ground motions characterized by forward-directivity or fling-step pulse-type are considered. The nonlinear seismic response of base-isolated structures in a no fire situation is compared with that in the event of fire, at 45 (i.e. R45) and 60 (i.e. R60) minutes of fire resistance, assuming both damaged (i.e. DS) and repaired (i.e. RS) stiffness conditions. Five fire scenarios are considered assuming the fire compartment confined to the area of the first level (i.e. F1), the first two (i.e. F1/2) and the upper (i.e. Fi, i=3–5) levels, with the parametric temperature–time fire curve evaluated in accordance with Eurocode 1. The nonlinear seismic analysis is performed by using a step-by-step procedure based on a two-parameter implicit integration scheme and an initial-stress-like iterative procedure. At each step of the analysis, plastic conditions are checked at the critical (end) sections of the girders and columns, where thermal mapping with reduced mechanical properties is evaluated with the 500 °C isotherm method proposed by Eurocode 2. A viscoelastic model with variable stiffness properties in the horizontal and vertical directions, depending on the axial force and lateral deformation, simulates the response of an HDLRB.     

基于泰勒级数迭代的重力归一化总梯度

针对重力归一化总梯度常规计算方法中向下延拓计算的不稳定性,提出了基于泰勒级数迭代法进行快速稳定向下延拓的重力归一化总梯度场( GH 场) 计算模式。水平圆柱体模型试验表明: 该方法的GH 场表现为单一高值特征,而且极大值位置与模型体质心位置相吻合。非均匀( 含油气) 球冠模型表明: 在油气含量较低时,Fourier 级数法和Fourier 变换法无法识别出“两高夹一低”的储油特征,而本文方法可以清晰地识别。这充分说明基于泰勒级数迭代的重力归一化总梯度计算方法不仅提高了计算结果的稳定性,而且还提高了异常的分辨率。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗及邻区二叠系烃源岩热演化与油气的关系

分析了额济纳旗及其邻区二叠系烃源岩热演化史与油气生成的关系。根据镜质组反射率、包裹体均一温度、磷灰石裂变径迹等资料得出研究区达到最大埋深时的古地温梯度,分析额济纳旗地区热演化史的信息,进一步研究了热演化与油气生成的关系。研究结果表明,额济纳旗地区在白垩纪达到最大埋深,古地温梯度为4.1～5.5℃/100m。通过与邻区查干凹陷比较分析,认为额济纳旗地区古地温梯度高于现今的地温梯度,二叠系烃源岩热演化程度主要受古地温场的控制。热演化史与油气关系的研究结果表明,额济纳旗部分地区二叠系烃源岩在晚二叠世已进入油气生成期,生烃阶段以干气为主,在早白垩世热演化程度达到最高。