基于FY-4A卫星遥感数据分析2021年3次沙尘暴特征

FY 4A上搭载的多通道扫描成像辐射计（AGRI）无论是时间分辨率还是空间分辨率与我国第一代静止气象卫星风云二号上搭载的扫描辐射计（VISSR）相比都有了明显的改进。本文基于FY 4A AGRI成像仪IDDI(红外差值沙尘指数)和新的昼夜沙尘遥感改进算法开展2021年中国北方沙尘过程连续遥感监测处理,并系统分析了2021年3个典型个例的沙尘暴特征和影响区域。结果表明：① 3次典型沙尘过程对我国北方各省份的影响面积总计最低达到260万km2以上,最高达到300万km2以上,4月14—17日的沙尘暴影响面积最大。②2021年沙尘高发区在新疆南部、甘肃河西走廊以北以及内蒙古西部。与2019、2020年同期相比,2021年我国北方沙尘发生频次更高、影响范围更大。③新一代FY 4A静止卫星对我国沙尘过程年际变化具备更加完整的监测能力。     

利用单多普勒雷达资料分析垂直面上二维流场和热力平流的两个例子

用单部多普勒雷达观测资料,使用Browning,Hobbs等人和Locattelli等人的方法,计算了冬季极地气团涡旋内中尺度雨带法向垂直面上的二维流场和热力平流。得到的结果定性地和雨带的存在及不同发展阶段一致,和探空仪观测的结果基本一致,但是在定量的意义上本文得到的垂直速度偏高,冷暖平流区也非全部一致。用不同的方法处理资料得到的二维流场有明显变化。     

利用热成风适应原理对暖性西南低涡生成机制的再分析

本文采用σ-p混合坐标系,根据非绝热和地形影响下的热成风适应原理,探讨了暖性西南低涡生成的机制。分析表明:正的非热成风涡度是低涡生成的一个重要指标;对流层中低层的暖平流中心,地面的可感加热,低层的暖空气与场面气压p~*的负变压中心配合,或与它的负平流中心相配合,将产生正的非热成风涡度;场面气压的梯度(?)p~*,高低压中心的空间分布(?)~2p~*,场面气压的变压(?)p~*/(?)t和平流(-(?)_h·(?)p_*)等都与垂直运动直接有关。地形还影响热成风适应特征尺度(或变形半径)L~o。在一般条件下,地形和潜热的作用使L_o比不考虑两者作用时的L_o变小,易使L>L_o条件满足,更有利于流场向温度场适应。     

Influence of the Saharan Air Layer on Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Formation during the Period 1--12 September 2003

Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) data show that the Saharan air layer (SAL) is a dry, warm, and well-mixed layer between 950 and 500 hPa over the tropical Atlantic, extending westward from the African coast to the Caribbean Sea. The formations of both Hurricane Isabel and Tropical Depression 14 (TD14) were accompanied with outbreaks of SAL air during the period 1-12 September 2003, although TD14 failed to develop into a named tropical cyclone. The influence of the SAL on their formations is investigated by examining data from satellite observations and numerical simulations, in which AIRS data are incorporated into the MM5 model through the nudging technique. Analyses of the AIRS and simulation data suggest that the SAL may have played two roles in the formation of tropical cyclones during the period 1-12 September 2003. First, the outbreaks of SAL air on 3 and 8 September enhanced the transverse-vertical circulation with the rising motion along the southern edge of the SAL and the sinking motion inside the SAL, triggering the development of two tropical disturbances associated with Hurricane Isabel and TD14. Second, in addition to the reduced environmental humidity and enhanced static stability in the lower troposphere, the SAL dry air intruded into the inner region of these tropical disturbances as their cyclonic ?ows became strong. This effect may have slowed down the formation of Isabel and inhibited TD14 becoming a named tropical cyclone, while the enhanced vertical shear contributed little to tropical cyclone formation during this period. The 48-h trajectory calculations confirm that the parcels from the SAL can be transported into the inner region of an incipient tropical cyclone.     

人工神经网络法反演晴空大气湿度廓线的研究

高光谱分辨率大气红外探测器AIRS(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)作为第一个超高光谱大气红外探测仪,开辟了卫星大气探测的新时代.以无线电探空值与SARTA(Stand-Alone Radiative Transfer Algorithm辐射传输模式)v1.05版的前向模式模拟出的AIRS辐射...     

太平洋中低纬度海表温差与副热带高压异常的数值模拟

中国夏季天气变化与太平洋副热带高压关系密切,而中低纬度热力差异可能是副热带高压的强度和位置发生变化的莺要原因,文中利用NCAR/NCEP再分析位势高度、垂商速度和海表温度场资料,在对太平洋海表温度合理分区的基础上.根据海表温度EOF分解的第一模态时间系数与副热带高压的相关关系,定义了太平洋中、低纬度海表温差指数,并通过统计分析和数值模拟方法分析了温差的年代际变化特征及其对副热带高压的影响.结果表明:副热带高压的变化分别与中纬度太平洋的(30°-40°N,180°-140°W)和低纬度太平洋的(10°S-10°N,140°～100°W)两块区域海温关系密切,对由此两区域定义的温差指数分析发现,1976年前后温差指数出现一次显著的由弱变强的年代际突变,且温差的年代际变化特征与副热带高压异常有很好的对应关系,温差大值年,副热带高压偏强,面积增大,西伸尤其明显;温差小值年,副热带高压偏弱,面积减小,东撤明显.进一步的统计分析和NCAR/CAM3.0模式数值模拟都发现,夏季中低纬海表温差增大将引起哈得来环流加强,副热带的下沉速度加大,使副热带高压增强;夏季中低纬海表温差减小将引起哈得来环流减弱,副热带的下沉速度减小,使副热带高压减弱.冈此夏季中低纬海表温差的变化是导致副热带高压强度和位置异常的重要原因之一.     

土壤热传导方程解析解和那曲地区土壤热扩散率研究

文中用Laplace变换推导了土壤热传导方程的解析解和包含热对流项的土壤热传导方程的解析解。用青藏高原 8个土壤湿度、温度廓线观测站 1998年 9月 4日到 10日实测资料基础上 ,根据谐波方法和Laplace变换方法得到了土壤热传导方程的解析解 ,计算了这些站的总体土壤热扩散率 ;用包含热对流项的土壤热传导方程的解析解计算了土壤热扩散率。结果表明 :对于一个深度从 0 .0 4～ 0 .2 0m的浅薄土壤层 ,总体土壤热扩散率的值为 0 .30×10 -6～ 0 .98× 10 -6m2 /s,土壤热扩散率的值为 0 .15× 10 -6～ 0 .72× 10 -6m2 /s。由谐波方法得到的总体土壤热扩散率比由Laplace变换的值稍大 ;总体土壤热扩散率总是比土壤热扩散率大     

干旱区典型绿洲热场分布规律研究——以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例

利用Landsat 7 ETM+遥感资料热红外波段定量反演晴空状态下夏季干旱区典型绿洲地表真实温度,运用影像叠加分析、直方图比对、缓冲区分析和空间自相关分析及剖面线分析等方法,分析其热场分布规律.结果表明:绿洲热场分布具有显著正空间自相关特性,Moran's值为0.5489,z值为48.44,同时呈现出显著的局部空间集...     

Imaging and image processing in porous media research

Three-dimensional imaging and image processing has become an important part for investigations of fluid distribution and flow in porous media. We describe two methods of computed tomography with different characteristics, namely X-ray- and neutron-based. We give an overview of image processing sequences and their methods. We investigated image enhancement with a focus on filters using partial differential equations, classification and structure identification that we used to prepare our images for quantitative evaluations. These methods are demonstrated on a partially saturated sand sample. Finally, we show an application with soil aggregates where investigations using synchrotron X-rays and thermal neutrons have led to new insights and refined fluid distribution and flow models.     

陆面温度反演的新进展

指出了利用多通道数据反演陆面温度所存在的问题,在说明非同温混合像元热辐射方向性规律的基础上,对利用多角度数据进行陆面组分温度反演进行了可行性分析。