贵州省沿河县耕地土壤酸化现状及改良对策

土壤酸化是耕地退化的一种表现形式,在酸性、强酸性土壤中,多数农作物的生长会受到影响,会明显降低作物的生产能力。本文通过对比沿河县1980—1981年第二次土壤普查和2017—2019年耕地质量地球化学调查评价成果数据,分析全县土壤酸化现状和规律。结果表明,全县耕地土壤pH值分布于3.99～8.80之间,平均为6.10。与1980—1981年第二次土壤普查时期相比,全县主要耕地土壤类型pH平均值均有下降,其中黄壤pH值降幅为5.91%;石灰土降幅为7.59%,从中性下降为酸性;紫色土降幅为22.09%,从碱性降为酸性;全县主要土地利用类型土壤酸化范围变大,主要从中性转化为酸性,酸性转化为强酸性,耕地土壤酸化程度加深,水田酸化程度高于旱地。建议通过推进测土配方施肥工作合理调整化肥施用比例,大力提高耕地土壤有机质含量,积极推广使用石灰、白云石、粉煤灰、碱渣、生物质碳等生物改良剂,因地制宜建立土壤改良示范点等多项对策来缓解和治理耕地土壤酸化。     

1961～2007年青藏高原四季开始日期的变化趋势分析

利用中国气象局国家气象信息中心提供的青藏高原60个测站1961～2007年逐日气温度资料,分析了青藏高原近47年来四季开始日期的时空变化特征和年代际变化趋势.结果表明,青藏高原的四季开始日期变化主要表现为春季和夏季的提前趋势,秋季和冬季的推后趋势,其中春季、冬季的变化显著,夏季、秋季的变化相对春季、冬季变化较小,四季开始日期的这种变化在增温明显的1990年代和21世纪初最为明显,并且春季和冬季开始日期的年代变化较大,而夏季和秋季开始日期的年际变化较大.这种变化趋势在空间分布上有所差异,春季和冬季开始日期变化的空间分布相似,春季和冬季开始日期的变化在空间上有相当的同步性而且都属于“中间高两边低”的分布状态,夏季和秋季开始日期变化的空间分布相似.此外,春季丌始日期在1990年代之前整体相对平稳并没有表现出明显的提早趋势,从1990年代开始变得较明显;夏季开始日期的提早变化相对平稳但年际变化较大;秋季开始日期的推迟相对平稳但是年际变化较大,1990年代有较明显的推迟趋势;冬季在1990年代表现出推迟趋势但是并不明显,但是到21世纪初表现出强烈的推迟.     

Long-term changes in the fish community structure from the Tsushima warm current region of the Japan/East Sea with an emphasis on the impacts of fishing and climate regime shift over the last four decades

Japanese fisheries production in the Japan/East Sea between 1958 and 2003 increased to their peak (1.76 million tons) in the late 1980s and decreased abruptly with the collapse of Japanese sardine. Catch results for 58 fisheries and various environmental time-series data sets and community indices, including mean trophic level (MTL) and Simpson’s diversity index (DI), were used to investigate the impacts of fishing and climate changes on the structure of the fish community in the Tsushima warm current (TWC) region of the Japan/East Sea. The long-term trend in fisheries production was largely dependent on the Japanese sardine that, as a single species, contributed up to 60% of the total production in the Japanese waters of the Japan/East Sea during the late 1980s. Excluding Japanese sardine, production of the small pelagic species was higher during 1960s and 1990s but lower during 1970s and 1980s. This variation pattern generally corresponds with the trend in water temperature, warmer before early 1960s and after 1990s but colder during 1970s and 1980s. The warm-water, large predatory fishes and cold water demersal species show opposite responses to the water temperature in the TWC region, indicating the significant impact of oceanic conditions on fisheries production of the Japan/East Sea. Declines in demersal fishes and invertebrates during 1970s and 1980s suggested some impact of fishing. MTL and DI show a similar variation pattern: higher during 1960s and 1990s but lower during 1970s and 1980s. In particular, the sharp decline during the 1980s resulted from the abundant sardine catches, suggesting that dominant species have a large effect on the structure of the fish community in the Japan/East Sea. Principal component analysis for 58 time-series data sets of fisheries catches suggested that the fish community varied on inter-annual to inter-decadal scales; the abrupt changes that occurred in the mid-1970s and late 1980s seemed to correspond closely with the climatic regime shifts in the North Pacific. These results strongly suggest that the structure of the fish community in the Japan/East Sea was largely affected by climatic and oceanic regime shifts rather than by fishing. There is no evidence showing “fishing down food webs” in the Japan/East Sea. However, in addition to the impacts of abrupt shifts that occurred in the late 1980s, the large predatory and demersal fishes seem to be facing stronger fishing pressure with the collapse of the Japanese sardine.     

风沙流中颗粒跃移研究的某些进展与问题

风沙流研究是风沙物理学的主要内容,研究方法上大致分宏观和微观研究两个方面。宏观研究着眼于风沙流的整体结构和动力学过程,微观研究侧重于单一颗粒的运动状态。宏观和微观研究相结合是解决风沙物理学中一系列问题的一条合理路线。但长期以来,由于在颗粒运动机理研究方面进展缓慢且不成熟,对联系宏观和微观研究的纽带——起跳粒子的运动状态分布的重要性认识不够,造成风沙流宏观研究和微观研究的严重脱节。本文综述国内外在这两方面的研究历史和现状,指出了现存问题和解决途径,并对风沙物理学的发展方向提出了一些建议。     

中国历史时期气候变化影响及其应对的启示简

The social impact of global climate change is one of the hotspots in the current research. To deal with the challenges from climate change, it could be learned from the adapting experiences and lessons to climate change in the history. The main achievements of cognition on the historical impacts of climatic change in China and on coping with the climate changes in the future based the published papers in recent years is summarized. The followings are the main conclusions. ①The general characteristics of the impacts of climatic change in the history was negative in the cold periods and positive in the warm periods, but there were regional differences in the impact and responses. ②The cooling trend on centurial scale and the social economic decline run concurrently. The rapid development supported by better resources and environment in the warm period could lead to the increase of the social vulnerability when the climate turned to the cold period. ③Strategies and policies to cope with the climate change in the history were adopted according to the temporal and spatial circumstances and the subjects. Initiative adaptation promoted by governments was an effective way.     

2008年汶川MS8.0地震电离层图像信息长时程演化初探

应用改进的图像信息方法, 结合DEMETER电磁卫星的电子温度数据, 对2008年汶川M_S8.0地震进行了长时程的回溯性预测研究。 与以往的地震电离层演化图像提取异常的研究相比, 将其回溯的时程延长至震前近11个月, 并向震后延长48 d。 在长期连续的异常扰动演化图中, 出现了两个明显的异常时段, 且在震前2个月短期内异常扰动明显减弱并趋于背景值。 两个时段出现的异常扰动分布位置及其形态以及持续时间皆不重复, 这体现了前兆异常的不易确定, 难以定性及定量识别的特点。 电离层异常扰动特征的长时程研究, 有评估其预测参数和模型可靠性的实际作用, 也为应用中国卫星观测数据服务于地震预报等研究积累经验, 具有借鉴意义。     

新疆及邻区体波震级初步分析研究

依据《地震震级的规定（GB 17740—2017）》,分析了2009—2017年新疆地震台网所记录的新疆及邻区476次中深源地震事件,测定了13601个m_b（短周期体波震级）和12035个m_B（BB）（宽频带体波震级）的数据样本,回归分析m_b和m_B（BB）得到回归方程及量规函数,结果显示m_b和m_B（BB）相关系数为0.966,表明两者显著相关。因此,建议对于中强型中深源地震可以直接从原始速度型宽频带数字地震记录上测定长周期体波震级m_B（BB）,提高地震速报测定的速度和精度。通过震级偏差统计和台站场地响应计算,分析新疆地震台网中的XKR、HTA、ATS和KSZ等地震台站震级偏差较大的原因为砂岩、灰岩、砂土层等类型的台基放大了场地响应,说明台基类型对体波震级偏差的影响较大。与NEIC测定的体波震级对比时,发现新疆地震台网测定体波震级平均偏大0.42级,且偏差随着震源深度的增加有增大的趋势。     

Release of heavy metals during weathering of the Lower Cambrian Black Shales in western Hunan,China

Weathering of heavy metal enriched black shales may be one of the most important sources of environmental contamination in areas where black shales are distributed. Heavy metal release during weathering of the Lower Cambrian Black Shales (LCBS) in western Hunan, China, was investigated using traditional geochemical methods and the ICP-MS analytical technique. Concentrations of 16 heavy metals, 8 trace elements and P were measured for samples from selected weathering profiles at the Taiping vanadium ore mine (TP), the Matian phosphorous ore mine (MT), and Taojiang stone-coal mine (TJ). The results show that the bedrock at these three profiles is enriched with Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Th, U, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl, and P. Based on mass-balance calculation, the percentages of heavy metals released (in % loss) relative to immobile element Nb were estimated. The results show significant rates of release during weathering of: V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, U, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, and Tl for the TP profile; Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Th, Cd, and Sn for the MT profile; and Sc, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Th, Cd, Sn, and Tl for the TJ profile. Among these heavy metals, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Sn show very similar features of release from each of the three weathering profiles. The heavy metals released during weathering may affect the environment (especially topsoil and surface waters) and are possibly related to an observed high incidence of endemic diseases in the area.     

Spatial pattern of Karst rock desertification in the Middle of Guizhou Province,Southwestern China

Karst rocky desertification is a typical type of land degradation in the Southwestern China. It has great ecological and economical implications for the local people. Landsat images from the middle of Guizhou Province collected in 1974, 1993 and 2001 were used for change detection of the pattern of Karst rocky desertification. The results show the following findings: (1) Desertification area expanded drastically in 27 years, at an increasing rate about 116.2 km²/year. (2) High areas (900–1,500 m) are the most affected. (3) Areas with the slope <5° or >25° are also easily tend to be Karst rocky deserted. (4) The process of Karst rocky desertification is nearly irreversible. Few areas of Karst rocky desertification could be meliorated to non-desertification land. (5) Most of the degraded lands are located in the south and the central of the study region, and the meliorated land areas are sparsely located in the east and the west part of the region. All these findings would provide bases for the decision-making of the local government to improve the Karst rocky desertification     

鄂尔多斯盆地泾川地区三叠系延长组烃源岩特征及其沉积环境

泾川地区位于鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘,烃源岩发育情况尚不明确。通过野外地质调查和钻井岩心观察,结合烃源岩测试及元素地球化学资料,对长10—长7烃源岩进行评价,在环境分析的基础上研究影响烃源岩发育的主要因素。结果表明：研究区延长组烃源岩以长73泥页岩为最好,有机质类型以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ1为主,TOC为 0.42%～29%;长10—长7泥岩有机质以Ⅱ2型为主,平均TOC含量低于 2%;Ro为 0.47%～1.08%,有机质基本已成熟。长10—长7烃源岩形成于温暖潮湿的环境,弱还原弱氧化的淡水介质条件,水深相对较浅。古生产力、沉积速率及水介质环境影响烃源岩发育。热水活动促进了古生物的繁盛,P、Cu含量及 P/Ti值越高,有机质 TOC含量越高。（La/Yb）N值越高,沉积速率越低,有机质越富集。Cu/Zn值越高,V/Cr值越高,Th/U值越低,水体还原性越好,有机质丰度越高。总之,热水活动提高了古生产力水平,相对较低的沉积速率有利于有机质的富集,还原性较强的水介质条件可使有机质得到良好的保存。陇县一带烃源岩因受陆源植物输入的影响,且形成环境不利,烃源岩品质相对较差。