花岗岩锆石中的微量元素的配分特征

花岗岩锆石中的微量元素(铪、铀、钇、钍、磷)的电子探针分析表明,这些元素在花岗岩锆石中皆以类质同象形式赋存,其中最小离子半径的铪以无序固溶体形式与锆完全相溶,而钇和磷在较低温度的条件下常常呈磷钇矿与锆不完全相溶;它们在花岗岩锆石中的地球化学行为是随着结晶环境的物理化学条件的变化而分异的,因此,对它们的分析研究可以揭示花岗岩的成因特征。     

Metamorphic stages in mountain belts during a Wilson cycle: A case study in the central Sanandaj–Sirjan zone (Zagros Mountains,Iran)

Polymetamorphic units are important constituents of continent–continent collisional orogens, and rift metamorphic assemblages are often overprinted by subsequent metamorphism during subduction and collision. This study reports the metamorphic conditions and evolution of the Dorud–Azna metamorphic units in the central part of the Sanandaj–Sirjan zone (SSZ), Iran. Here, new geothermobarometry results are integrated with ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar mineral and Th–U–Pb monazite and thorite ages to provide new insight of polyphase metamorphism in the two different basement units of the SSZ, the lower Galeh-Doz orthogneiss and higher Amphibolite-Metagabbro units. In the Amphibolite-Metagabbro unit, staurolite micaschist underwent a prograde P–T evolution from 640 ± 20 °C/6.2 ± 0.8 kbar in garnet cores (M1) to 680 ± 20 °C/7.2 ± 1.0 kbar in garnet rims (M2). Three Th–U–Pb monazite ages of 306 ± 5 Ma, 322 ± 28 Ma and 336 ± 39 Ma from the garnet-micaschists testify the Carboniferous age of M1 metamorphism. In the same unit, the metagabbro records P–T conditions of 4.0 ± 0.8 kbar and 580 ± 50 °C in the (magmatic) amphibole core (Late Carboniferous intrusion) to 7.5 ± 0.7 kbar and 700 ± 20 °C in the amphibole rim indicating a prograde P–T path during subsequent burial (M1). New ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of white mica from the staurolite micaschist yielded a staircase pattern ranging from 36 ± 12 Ma to 170 ± 2 Ma. This implies polymetamorphism with a minimum Late Jurassic cooling age through the Ar retention temperature of ca. 425 ± 25 °C after M2 metamorphism and a Paleogene low-grade metamorphic overprint (M3), while ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar white mica dating of garnet micaschist yielded a plateau age of 137.84 ± 0.65 Ma. We therefore interpret the amphibolite-grade metamorphism M2 to have predated 170 Ma and is likely between 180 and 200 Ma. Furthermore, it is overprinted at about 36 Ma under retrogressive low-grade M3 metamorphism (at temperatures of ~350–240 °C) during final shortening and exhumation. In the underlying Galeh-Doz unit, the Panafrican granitic orthogneiss intruded at P–T conditions of 3.2 ± 4 kbar and 700 ± 20 °C, then it was metamorphosed and deformed at 600 ± 50 °C and 2.0 ± 0.8 kbar (metamorphic stage M1) prior to Late Carboniferous intrusion of mafic dikes. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of amphibole from the Galeh-Doz orthogneiss gave plateau-like steps between 260 and 270 Ma, representing the age of cooling through ca. 500 °C after the M1 metamorphic event. Interestingly, the results of this study demonstrate polyphase metamorphic histories in both the Galeh-Doz orthogneiss and Amphibolite-Metagabbro units at different P–T conditions and final thick-skinned Paleogene emplacement of these units over the underlying low-grade metamorphic June Complex. Our findings suggest that both units are affected by high-T/low-P Late Carboniferous orogenic metamorphism along with the bimodal magmatism, as result of rifting. We propose that the Early Jurassic amphibolite-grade M2 metamorphism of the SSZ is correlated with the initial subduction of the Neotethyan Ocean. Eventually, the investigated units reflect various stages of a Wilson cycle, from rifting to initiation of the subduction in final plate collision.     

Introduction

Manisa Fault is a geomorphologically distinct normal dip-slip fault, which oversees the southern edge of the Manisa Graben that is a continuum of the Gediz Graben towards the west. This study aims to determine the neotectonic activity of the Manisa Fault and the most recent time of the change in its stress condition through age-dating data obtained by using ²³⁰Th/²³⁴U dating methodology applied on the calcite coating that develops over hanging-wall of the Manisa Fault and the calcite veins that occur as fracture fillings. The age of the calcite precipitations associated with the Manisa Fault was determined to be between 307?±?203 and 444?±?101?ka by using the ²³⁰Th/²³⁴U dating method. Evaluation of the carbonate precipitations on the Manisa Fault along with the age data and the kinematic indicators ascertained that the Manisa Fault switched to a dip-slip normal faulting character from Middle Pleistocene onwards and that the region was under the effect of a NE–SW directional extensional regime. In addition, the opening rate was attempted to be determined using the roll-over anticline structure that advanced depending upon the movement of the fault on the upper horizontal strata of colluviums, which developed in association with the Manisa Fault. Along with the evaluation of the rise in the horizontal stratification in colluvium and the obtained age data, opening rate of the Manisa Fault was determined as 0.01?mm?y^?1.     

不同成因锆石的微量元素特征研究进展

对近年来不同成因锆石(岩浆锆石、变质锆石和热液锆石)微量元素特征方面有关的研究进展进行了系统的总结和评述.锆石的微量元素特征能够反映主岩的成分演化,共生分离结晶相,混合以及熔融源区性质等诸多信息.对于岩浆锆石,其微量元素组成随岩浆分异演化系统地变化,从超镁铁质岩到花岗质岩,锆石微量元素含量总体上增长.幔源岩浆锆石微量元素含量低,稀土配分模式显示弱的Eu负异常或没有异常,重稀土部分相对平缓,而壳源岩浆锆石微量元素含量较幔源锆石高,稀土配分模式显示强烈的Ce正异常和Eu负异常.岩体中单一颗粒岩浆锆石和颗粒之间微量元素组成的变化也可以反映结晶出锆石的岩浆组成的演化.对于变质锆石,在进变质、退变质以及热峰条件等宽泛的温压条件下,通过原岩锆石的固态重结晶、溶解再结晶、含Zr矿物变质反应释放Zr进而成核结晶等机制形成,其内部生长结构复杂,微量元素特征可以反映生长机制、共生矿物和形成环境等信息.热液锆石形成有类似岩浆锆石的生长环带,流体包裹体、热液矿物包裹体的存在可以指示锆石确切的热液成因.热液锆石的微量元素组成能够反映不同的热液矿物组合以及流体组成的变化.     

偶氮氯膦Ⅲ双波长分光光度法同时测定铀矿石中钍和铀

本文对偶氮氯膦Ⅲ与钍、铀的显色反应作了研究,提出了三烷基氧膦-G.D.X-301萃取色层分离、偶氮氯膦Ⅲ双波长分光光度法同时测定铀矿石中钍和铀的方法。方法简便,精密度、准确度良好。     

非稀释剂法电感耦合等离子体质谱测定磷灰石中铀钍钐同位素的含量

准确测定238U、232Th、147Sm同位素含量是磷灰石(U-Th)/He同位素定年方法的关键。本文建立了非稀释剂法电感耦合等离子体质谱测定磷灰石中238U、232Th和147Sm同位素含量的测定流程。该方法假定样品中的238 U、232 Th和147 Sm同位素丰度与其自然丰度是一致的,根据238 U、232 Th和147 Sm同位素的自然丰度和测得的样品中总的U、Th和Sm的含量得到样品中238U、232Th和147Sm同位素的含量。对国内玄武岩标准物质和(U-Th)/He定年法的年龄标准物质Durango磷灰石进行了总U、Th、Sm含量的测试,验证流程的可行性,结果表明玄武岩标准物质的测定值与标准值在误差范围内一致,经计算得到该磷灰石的(U-Th)/He年龄为30.0 Ma,与文献获得的该磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄(31.02±1.01)Ma(1σ)在误差范围内一致,表明本文建立的238U、232Th和147Sm同位素含量的测定流程是可行的。对于没有稀释剂的实验室,该方法简单适用,值得推广应用。     

Cave bear occupation in Schwabenreith Cave,Austria, during the early last glacial: constraints from 230Th/U‐dated speleothems

The cave bear was a prominent member of the Upper Pleistocene fauna in Eurasia. While breakthroughs were recently achieved with respect to its phylogeny using ancient DNA techniques, it is still challenging to date cave bear fossils beyond the radiocarbon age range. Without an accurate and precise chronological framework, however, key questions regarding the palaeoecology cannot be addressed, such as the extent to which large climate swings during the last glacial affected the habitat and possibly even conditioned the final extinction of this mammal. Key to constraining the age of cave bear fossils older than the lower limit of radiocarbon dating is to date interlayered speleothems using ²³⁰Th/U. Here we report new results from one such site in the Eastern European Alps (Schwabenreith Cave), which yielded the highest density of bones of cave bear (Ursus spelaeus eremus). Although dating of the flowstones overlying this fossiliferous succession was partly compromised by diagenetic alteration, the ²³⁰Th/U dates indicate that the bear hibernated in this cave after about 113 ka and before about 109 ka. This time interval coincides with the equivalent of Greenland Stadial 25, suggesting possible climate control on the cave bear's habitat and behaviour. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Quaternary Science Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

Multi‐method (14C, 36Cl, 234U/230Th) age bracketing of the Tschirgant rock avalanche (Eastern Alps): implications for absolute dating of catastrophic mass‐wasting

Correct and precise age determination of prehistorical catastrophic rock‐slope failures prerequisites any hypotheses relating this type of mass wasting to past climatic regimes or palaeo‐seismic records. Despite good exposure, easy accessibility and a long tradition of absolute dating, the age of the 230 million m³ carbonate‐lithic Tschirgant rock avalanche event of the Eastern Alps (Austria) still is relatively poorly constrained. We herein review the age of mass‐wasting based on a total of 17 absolute ages produced with three different methods (¹⁴C, ³⁶Cl, ²³⁴U/²³⁰Th). Chlorine‐36 (³⁶Cl) cosmogenic surface exposure dating of five boulders of the rock avalanche deposit indicates a mean event age of 3.06 ± 0.62 ka. Uranium‐234/thorium‐230 (²³⁴U/²³⁰Th) dating of soda‐straw stalactites formed in microcaves beneath boulders indicate mean precipitation ages of three individual soda straws at 3.20 ± 0.26 ka, 3.04 ± 0.10 ka and 2.81 ± 0.15 ka; notwithstanding potential internal errors, these ages provide an ‘older‐than’ (ante quam) proxy for mass‐wasting. Based on radiocarbon ages (nine sites) only, it was previously suggested that the present rock avalanche deposit represents two successive failures (3.75 ± 0.19 ka bp , 3.15 ± 0.19 ka bp ). There is, however, no evidence for two events neither in surface outcrops nor in LiDAR derived imagery and drill logs. The temporal distribution of all absolute ages (¹⁴C, ³⁶Cl, ²³⁴U/²³⁰Th) also does not necessarily indicate two successive events but suggest that a single catastrophic mass‐wasting took place between 3.4 and 2.4 ka bp . Taking into account the maximum age boundary given by reinterpreted radiocarbon datings and the minimum U/Th‐ages of calcite precipitations within the rock avalanche deposits, a most probable event age of 3.01 ± 0.10 ka bp can be proposed. Our results underscore the difficulty to accurately date catastrophic rock slope failures, but also the potential to increase the accuracy of age determination by combining methods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Removal fluxes of Mn and Fe from the nearshore waters along the west coast of Taiwan

Dissolved and particulate Mn and Fe in the nearshore waters were determined at 27 stations along the west coast of Taiwan during 19-23 November 2004. The latitudinal distributions of Mn and Fe were very similar; however, the concentration in the dissolved phase was lower, whereas that in the particulate phase was higher in the northern regime. The higher percentage of Fe than Mn that was associated with particles resulted in a two-order of magnitude higher particle-water partition coefficient for Fe, K_d(Fe), than that for Mn, K_d(Mn). The removal fluxes of Mn and Fe could be estimated by multiplying the particulate ²³⁴Th removal flux with the Mn/²³⁴Th and Fe/²³⁴Th ratios in suspended particles, which ranged from 0.1 to 3.8 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹ for Mn, and from 3.4 to 194.5 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹ for Fe. Residence times ranged from 1 to 20 days for Mn and Fe were estimated in the nearshore.     

外地核中U、Th的分布、核裂变及其对地球动力学的影响

笔者认为地球的外地核中存在大量的生热元素U和Th,它们正是驱动地球内部物质运动、包括板块运动的主要动力。按照地震波资料,地球内部最热的地区在太平洋中部,地磁资料表明地磁中心及相应的热对流中心也向太平洋板块偏离400km,因此U、Th更多地富集在太平洋之下的外地核中。前寒武纪天然核反应堆的发现及行星质量与光度的研究显示,外地核中的U、Th存在周期性核裂变,太平洋热点火山岩及其包体中富集与U、Th核裂变或衰变有密切成因联系的惰性气体也说明了这一点。外地核中的U、Th存在周期性的核裂变可能是地质历史中超静磁带形成的主要原因,也可能是地球上火山活动等地质作用存在节律性及地球膨胀的原因。