Magma generation and crustal accretion as evidenced by supra-subduction ophiolites of the Albanide–Hellenide Subpelagonian zone

Abstract Ophiolites of the Mirdita–Subpelagonian zone form a nearly continuous belt in the Albanide–Hellenide orogen, including mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) associations in the western Mirdita sector and supra‐subduction zone (SSZ) complexes, with prevalent island arc tholeiitic (IAT) and minor boninitic affinities in the eastern part of the belt (i.e. eastern Mirdita, Pindos, Vourinos). In addition, basalts with geochemical features intermediate between MORB and IAT (MORB/IAT) are found in the central Mirdita and in the Aspropotamos sequence (Pindos). These basalts alternate with pure MORB and are cut by boninitic dykes. The distinctive compositional characteristics of the mafic magmas parental to the different ophiolitic suites can be accounted for by partial melting of mantle sources progressively depleted by melt extractions. Partial melting processes (10–20%) of lherzolitic sources generated pure MORB, leaving clinopyroxene‐poor lherzolite as a residuum. Approximately 10% water‐assisted partial melting of this latter source, in an SSZ setting, may in turn generate basalts with MORB/IAT intermediate characteristics, whereas IAT basalts and boninites may have been derived from 10–20% and 30% partial melting, respectively, of the same source variably enriched by subduction‐derived fluids. In addition, boninites may also have been derived by comparatively lower degrees of hydrated partial melting of more refractory harzburgitic sources. A generalized petrologic model based on mass balance calculations between bulk rock and mineral compositions, indicate that most of the intrusives (from ultramafic cumulates to gabbronorites and plagiogranites), as well as sheeted dykes and volcanics (from basalts to rhyodacites) forming the bulk crustal section of the SSZ ophiolites, may be accounted for by shallow fractional crystallization from low‐Ti picritic parental magmas very similar in composition to IAT picrites from Pacific intraoceanic arcs. The most appropriate tectono‐magmatic model for the generation of the SSZ Tethyan ophiolites implies low velocity plate‐convergence of the intraoceanic subduction and generation of a nascent arc with IAT affinity and progressive slab roll‐back, mantle diapirism and extension from the arc axis to the forearc region, with generation of MORB/IAT intermediate basalts and boninitic magmas.     

特提斯喜马拉雅铅锌锑金成矿带含炭质岩石中热液脉型矿床的综合电法勘探——以西藏扎西康铅锌锑多金属矿为例

扎西康铅锌锑多金属矿床产出于特提斯喜马拉雅炭质板岩的断裂带内,是特提斯喜马拉雅铅锌锑金成矿带内典型的热液脉型矿床。由于含炭质岩石和金属硫化物都呈现出相似的低阻高极化电性特征,加之热液脉型矿床的矿体普遍较小,使得在含炭质岩石中对金属硫化物矿体进行电法勘探存在较大困难。本文通过对扎西康矿床已知矿体的音频大地电磁测深和激电中梯测量,发现矿区的炭质板岩呈现低电阻率（10^-0.4~10⁰Ω·m）和高极化率（9%~20%）特征,而矿体呈现出高电阻率（10²~10³Ω·m）和低极化率（1%~5%）的特征。经研究分析,认为造成这种现象的原因有两方面：（1）扎西康炭质板岩中的炭质物质量分数平均为0.79%,变质温度约在300±25℃~340±25℃,炭质物电阻率为6.1×10^-5~6.8×10^-4Ω·m,显示极好的导电性;此外,炭质板岩中存在大量黏土矿物,黏土矿物的吸水性促进了炭质物的连通性,因此炭质物高导电性与连通性的耦合使得炭质板岩呈现低阻高极化电性特征;（2）扎西康矿床的脉型矿体除包含金属硫化物外,还产出大量的脉石矿物,脉石矿物普遍具有高阻低极化电性特征,是造成整个矿体在炭质板岩中呈现高阻低极化异常的根本原因。据此,本文提出在炭质板岩中通过识别脉石矿物引起的高阻低极化异常带间接找矿的新思路,相应的技术方法组合为：利用激电中梯测量定位高阻低极化带的平面位置,再利用音频大地电磁测深探测其深部产状。     

Accessibility for High Asia： Comparative Perspectives on Northern Pakistan＇s Traffic Infrastructure and Linkages with Its Neighbours in the Hindukush-Karakoram- Himalaya

Starting with a discussion of development concepts which were applied in practice and which followed the developmentalist paradigm the expansion of traffic infrastructure in colonial and post-colonial periods is presented for the High Asian mountain rim. Selective railways and roads are the major feature of this development, which aimed first on serving the convenience of hill station visitors and followed strategic considerations later on. This bias between regional planning and implementation remains a characteristic feature. At the same time traffic infrastructure without asphalt roads is important for the mountain areas, thus breaking up the strong correlation between development and asphalt roads.     

RECORD OF BLOCK ROTATION AND MAGNETIC FIELD REVERSALS IN THE TETHYAN HIMALAYA (HIDDEN VALLEY, CENTRAL NEPAL)

RECORD OF BLOCK ROTATION AND MAGNETIC FIELD REVERSALS IN THE TETHYAN HIMALAYA (HIDDEN VALLEY, CENTRAL NEPAL)     

Assessment of man-made and natural hazards in the surroundings of hydropower projects under construction in the beas valley of northwestern Himalaya

Mountain ecosystem,on the earth,has plenty of natural resources. In Himachal Pradesh all the rivers are snowfed and therefore rich in water resources. These resources have been supporting enough for the generation of electricity through introducing hydropower projects since the last decade. However,every developmental activity has its own negative impacts on the surrounding environment. Due to the fragile nature of topography and delicacy of ecology of the Himalaya,it results in lot of disturbances because of high degree of human interferences like construction of major hydropower projects. The increased extent of geological hazards,such as landslides,rock fall and soil erosion,have mainly due to alike developmental interventions in the natural ecosystem. So understanding and analysing such impacts of the hydropower projects have mainly been on the environment in various forms but natural hazards have been frequent ones. The present study,therefore,focuses mainly on the Parbati Stage Ⅱ (800 MW) and the Parbati Stage Ⅲ (520 MW) hydropower projects; both of which fall within the Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. Based on the perception survey of the local communities,the existing land use pattern,status of total acquired land of the residents by hydropower projects,frequent natural hazards and resultant loss to the local communities due to upcoming construction of hydropower projects surrounding to the Parbati Stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ have been analysed in the paper. Also,the preventive measures to mitigate these adverse impacts have been suggested to strengthen these projects in eco-friendly manner in the mountain context.     

Metamorphic history of the South Tibetan Detachment System,Mt. Everest region,revealed by RSCM thermometry and phase equilibria modelling

This study combines microstructural observations with Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material (RSCM), phase equilibria modelling and U–Pb dating of titanite to delineate the metamorphic history of a well‐exposed section through the South Tibetan Detachment System (STDS) in the Dzakaa Chu valley of Southern Tibet. In the hanging wall of the STDS, undeformed Tibetan Sedimentary Series rocks consistently record peak metamorphic temperatures of ～340 °C. Temperatures increase down‐section, reaching ～650 °C at the base of the shear zone, defining an apparent metamorphic field gradient of ～310 °C km^?1 across the entire structure. U–Th–Pb geochronological data indicate that metamorphism and deformation at high temperatures occurred over a protracted period from at least 20 to 13 Ma. Deformation within this 1‐km‐thick zone of distributed top‐down‐to‐the‐northeast ductile shear included a strong component of vertical shortening and was responsible for significant condensing of palaeo‐isotherms along the upper margin of the Greater Himalayan Series (GHS). We interpret the preservation of such a high metamorphic gradient to be the result of a progressive up‐section migration in the locus of deformation within the zone. This segment of the STDS provides a detailed thermal and kinematic record of the exhumation of footwall GHS rocks from beneath the southern margin of the Tibetan plateau.     

锆石Hf和全岩Nd同位素填图研究进展:以三江特提斯造山带为例

近年来,区域性的Nd-Hf同位素填图正成为探索岩石圈结构和演化,制约陆块边界位置和壳-幔相互作用以及它们与金属成矿作用耦合关系的重要研究方法。目前的研究主要集中于中国的拉萨地体以及澳大利亚太古宙尤冈克拉通,包括地体地壳性质与空间变化规律、成矿系统约束和区域找矿潜力等方面。本文以三江特提斯造山带为例,使用克里格插值法在MAPGIS平台完成同位素等值线图,基此解析三江地区岩石圈结构以及大规模成矿作用。Nd-Hf同位素填图支持昌宁-孟连缝合带为冈瓦纳和泛华夏古陆的分界。昌宁-孟连缝合带划分了两个εNd(t)同位素明显不同的异常区,缝合带以西表现为古老地壳基地组成,而缝合带以东部表现为较年轻的地体。三江特提斯造山带中不同类型与岩浆岩有关的发矿床大多汇聚在同位素边界处,这些同位素边界可能代表着地体边界或缝合带、岩浆弧。沿金沙江-哀牢山缝合带分布的斑岩型或斑岩-矽卡岩型Cu-(Mo)矿床,具有高εHf(t)正值和较高εNd(t)负值的特征,对应始新世钾质斑岩及有关的矿化。在腾冲-保山地块、义敦岛弧和临沧次地块,具有低εHf(t),低εNd(t)值岩浆岩分布特征,主要形成与过铝质花岗岩型有关的锡-钨矿床。因此,我们认为区域尺度的同位素填图对研究岩石圈结构和演化、解剖壳-幔相互作用机理、解析深部动力学机制和成矿机制、总结区域成矿规律和指导区域成矿潜力具有重要意义。     

西藏拉隆穹窿淡色花岗岩中石榴子石矿物学研究及对岩浆-热液过程的指示

为建立淡色花岗岩演化和稀有金属成矿的矿物学指标,本文选取了北喜马拉雅拉隆淡色花岗岩的石榴子石为研究对象,对其开展电子探针分析和矿物原位LA-ICP-MS微量分析,结果表明MnO含量从白云母花岗岩(12.42%~13.48%)到钠长石花岗岩(16.83%~22.09%)逐渐增高,白云母花岗岩石榴子石主要为铁铝榴石,钠长石花岗岩中石榴子石主要为锰铝榴石,其均为典型岩浆成因的石榴子石。石榴子石微量元素结果显示白云母花岗岩和钠长石花岗岩石榴子石稀土均呈现HREE富集、LREE亏损,Eu负异常的特征。从白云母花岗岩到钠长石花岗岩,石榴子石中Zn含量增加,Sc、Y和HREE等元素含量降低,特别是当HREE含量小于1000×10^-6时,稀有金属元素Be、Nb和Ta含量增加,标志着岩浆演化从正岩浆阶段进入了岩浆-热液过渡阶段。形成于岩浆-热液过渡阶段的锰铝榴石可以作为拉隆淡色花岗岩Be-Nb-Ta稀有金属矿化的矿物学指标,此外,石榴子石中Sc、Y和HREE等元素的变化也可以作为淡色花岗岩稀有金属矿化的判别标志。     

西藏班公湖-怒江缝合带西段特提斯洋晚二叠世(Ca.252Ma)洋内俯冲的地球化学和年代学证据

多龙蛇绿混杂岩是班公湖-怒江蛇绿岩带的重要组成部分,位于西藏阿里地区改则县北西约120 km的多龙矿集区内,大地构造位置处于班公湖-怒江缝合带中西段,南羌塘板块南缘。多龙蛇绿混杂岩主要分布在多龙矿区中部及东北部。矿区中部蛇绿岩主要由辉长岩、辉绿(玢)岩、枕状玄武岩、气孔杏仁状玄武岩、玄武质岩屑凝灰岩及硅质岩等组成,东西向延伸约35 km,南北宽3~7 km,出露面积约180 km2;该蛇绿岩残片的组成单元(包括基性岩单元以及硅质岩单元等)多被构造肢解,整体表现为不规则透镜体,以构造岩片的形式断续分布于侏罗系次深海陆棚-盆地斜坡复陆碎屑岩-类复理石建造内的断层带中,构成典型的网结状构造。矿区东北部蛇绿岩主要由含铁斜方辉石橄榄蛇纹岩、玻基玄武岩、碳酸盐化角闪辉长岩、微纹层状硅质岩等组成,该蛇绿混杂岩带沿北西-南东向断裂展布,延伸约12 km,宽1~3 km,出露面积约30 km2;该蛇绿岩残片组成单元(包括超基性岩单元、基性岩单元以及硅质岩单元等)均呈构造岩片的形式产出在三叠系灰岩地层内的断层带中。     

Annual dissolved fluxes from Central Nepal rivers: budget of chemical erosion in the Himalayas

Annual dissolved element fluxes of Himalayan rivers from Central Nepal are calculated using published river discharge and a new set chemical data of rivers, including monsoon sampling. These are used to study the control on chemical erosion of carbonate and silicate over the whole basin. Chemical erosion of carbonate is mainly controlled by the river runoff but it can be limited by the availability of carbonate in limestone-free basin. Chemical erosion of silicate is well correlated to the runoff. However differences between High Himalayan and Lesser Himalayan basins suggest that physical erosion may also play an important control on silicate weathering. To cite this article: C. France-Lanord et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).