Characteristics and formation of rain forest soils derived from late Quaternary basaltic rocks in Leyte,Philippines

This study was conducted to evaluate the physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of rain forest soils derived from late Quaternary basaltic rocks in Leyte, Philippines. Four sites along a catena were selected at an elevation of 75–112 m above sea level with an average annual rainfall of 3,000 mm and an average temperature of 28°C. Results indicate that the soils are deep, clayey, and reddish in color, which is indicative of the advanced stage of soil development. They also posses excellent physical condition (friable and highly porous) although they are plastic and sticky when wet as is usual for clayey soils. In terms of chemical characteristics, the soils are acidic with low CEC values and generally low in organic matter and nutrient contents. The clay mineralogy of the soils is dominated by halloysite and kaolinite with minor amounts of goethite and hematite, and they also have generally high dithionite-extractable Fe contents confirming the advanced stage of their development. The soils in the more stable slope positions (PL-1, PL-2, and PL-4) have generally similar characteristics and appeared more developed than the one in the less stable position (PL-3). The most important pedogenic processes that formed the soils appear to be weathering, loss of bases and acidification, desilification, ferrugination, clay formation and translocation, and structure formation. The nature of the parent rock and climatic conditions prevailing in the area as well as slope position appear to have dominant effects on the development of the soils.     

Geomorphology and geomorphological heritage of the Ifrane–Azrou region (Middle Atlas,Morocco)

Geomorphological heritage is a widely used term in European and North-American countries, but is still scarcely mentioned in Africa. Nevertheless, the attractiveness of the African countries is often intimately connected to its breathtaking and endless geological landscapes. Morocco is one of those countries that has the widest diversity in landscapes and landforms, ranging from the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts over the Rif, Middle Atlas, High Atlas and Anti-Atlas mountain chains to the great rocky and sandy deserts in the South. A wide variety of geological units hosting different types of important economic mineral deposits cover a temporal range from Late Precambrian to Quaternary. A detailed geomorphological study has been carried out in the region of Ifrane and Azrou (Middle Atlas, Central Morocco) using a combination of high resolution satellite data and direct field observations integrated by geological maps and scientific literature. In order to describe and evaluate the geomorphological heritage of this area, 40 geomorphosites have been selected comprising springs, karst landforms (polje, dolines, caves, sinkholes, stone forests, cryptokarstic dolines), carbonate depositional landforms (travertines and waterfalls), fluvial landforms (meanders, canyons, palaeo-valleys, etc.), structural landforms (triangular facets, hogbacks, cuestas, residual outcrops, etc.) and volcanic landforms (volcanoes, caldeira, pyroclastic cones, lava tube). The results of this research have been summarised in a thematic map, representing the geomorphosites related to various landscape units.     

The geochemical characteristics and genetic types of crude oils in the western depression of the Liaohe Basin,China

The physical properties and group compositions of crude oils in the western depression of the Liaohe Basin possess such characteristics as to increase gradually in density, viscosity and wax contents, and decrease in saturated hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon and bitumen contents from the deep level to the shallow level and from the center of the depression to its boundary. Saturated hydrocarbons have various spectra, such as single peak and double peak patterns, front peak and rear peak patterns, and smooth peak and serated peak patterns, as well as the chromatograms of biodegraded n-alkanes. The ratios of Pr/Ph in crude oils from the southern part of the depression are generally higher than those in the northern part. The distribution of regular steranes C₂₇–C₂₉ is predominantly of the ramp type, and only a few samples have relatively high C₂₈ contents in the southern part of the depression. As viewed from their physical properties and geochemical characteristics, crude oils in the study area can be divided into two types (I and II) based on oil-generating sources and sedimentary environments, and then further divided into three sub-types (I_a, I_b and I_c:II_a, II_b and III_c, respectively) based on their degrees of maturation and secondary transformation. This will provide the reliable basis for oil-source correlation and petroleum exploration and prediction.     

Landscape and sedimentary response to catastrophic debris avalanches, western Taranaki, New Zealand

Catastrophic volcanic debris avalanches reshape volcanic edifices with up to half of pre-collapse cone volumes being removed. Deposition from this debris avalanche deposit often fills and inundates the surrounding landscape and may permanently change the distribution of drainage networks. On the weakly-incised Mt. Taranaki ring-plain, volcanic debris avalanche deposits typically form a large, wedge shape (in plan view), over all flat-lying fans. Following volcanic debris avalanches a period of intense re-sedimentation commonly begins on ring-plain areas, particularly in wet or temperate climates. This is exacerbated by large areas of denuded landscape, ongoing instability in the scarp/source region, damming of river/stream systems, and in some cases inherent instability of the volcanic debris avalanche deposits. In addition, on Mt. Taranaki, the collapse of a segment of the cone by volcanic debris avalanche often generates long periods of renewed volcanism, generating large volumes of juvenile tephra onto unstable and unvegetated slopes, or construction of new domes with associated rock falls and block-and-ash flows. The distal ring-plain impact from these post-debris avalanche conditions and processes is primarily accumulation of long run-out debris flow and hyperconcentrated flow deposits with a variety of lithologies and sedimentary character. Common to these post-debris avalanche units is evidence for high-water-content flows that are typically non-cohesive. Hence sedimentary variations in these units are high in lateral and longitudinal exposure in relation to local topography. The post-collapse deposits flank large-scale fans and hence similar lithological and chronological sequences can form on widely disparate sectors of the ring plain. These deposits on Mt. Taranaki provide a record of landscape response and ring-plain evolution in three stages that divide the currently identified Warea Formation: 1) the deposition of broad fans of material adjacent to the debris avalanche unit; 2) channel formation and erosion of Stage 1 deposits, primarily at the contact between debris avalanche deposits and the Stage 1 deposits and the refilling of these channels; and 3) the development of broad tabular sheet flows on top of the debris avalanche, leaving sediments between debris avalanche mounds. After a volcanic debris avalanche, these processes represent an ever changing and evolving hazard-scape with hazard maps needing to be regularly updated to take account of which stage the sedimentary system is in.     

东准噶尔卡拉麦里地区巴塔玛依内山组火山岩特征和年代确定

巴塔玛依内山组火山岩在新疆准噶尔盆地东部及其周缘山区广泛分布,是陆东、五彩湾等地区卡拉麦里大气田的主要储层。根据两个实测剖面和一口钻井岩性剖面的对比,巴塔玛依内山组陆相喷发火山岩具有多期次,间歇性喷发的特征,沉积岩夹层是主要的喷发间断面标志。火山岩地层厚度变化快,岩相岩性变化大。岩石化学分析表明巴塔玛依内山组火山岩主要是亚碱性-碱性、高钾的中基性岩。巴塔玛依内山组火山岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果为350.0±6.3Ma,结合其上覆地层的生物化石证据,认为巴塔玛依内山组属于下石炭统。     

火山喷发活动对烃源岩的影响：以拉布达林盆地上库力组为例

本文以拉布达林盆地下白垩统上库力组火山岩系中发育的一套优质烃源岩为研究对象,应用岩石热解、氯仿沥青抽提、镜质体反射率分析、饱和烃气相色谱分析和色谱-质谱分析以及全岩成分分析等多种方法和手段,探讨火山喷发活动对烃源岩中有机质成熟度、烃源岩生烃特征及优质烃源岩形成的影响.研究结果表明:烃源岩的有机质镜质体反射率(R0)在0.56%～0.62%之间,最大热解温度(Tmax)在429～442℃之间,部分样品的氯仿沥青"A"转化率(A/TOC)和烃转化率(HC/TOC)分别＞5%和＞3%.上述各种参数均指示有机质成熟度处于低成熟阶段,说明火山喷发活动对烃源岩有机质成熟度影响不明显.在火山喷发活动和烃源岩相互作用过程中,火山岩中过渡金属元素发生迁移,致使烃源岩中过渡金属元素含量增加.由于过渡金属元素对烃源岩生烃有催化作用,因此,火山喷发活动可以促进烃源岩早生烃,有利于低熟油的形成.火山喷发活动带来的热液一方面给湖盆水体中的水生生物带来了大量的营养物质,促进水生生物繁殖,为优质烃源岩的形成奠定了丰富的物质基础;另一方面,火山热液使水体含盐度增加,形成还原环境,为有机质的保存和转化提供了有利条件.     

苏北盆地高邮凹陷第三系--上白垩统层序地层格架特征

依据地震、钻测井、岩芯、古生物等资料中的层序地层特征,可将高邮凹陷厚达7000m的第三系-上白垩统泰州组划分为2个一级层序,4个二级层序,11个三级层序。进而依据最大湖泛面和断裂坡折带(首次湖泛面)对三级层序进行了体系域划分。在11个三级层序中识别出低位、湖侵和高位体系域的不同组合。由于汉留断层在高邮凹陷东西向上发育的程度不同,造成凹陷西部为双断断陷式盆地结构,东部为单断断箕式盆地结构,据此建立了高邮凹陷西部具断裂坡折带和东部无明显坡折带的层序地层样式。最后分析了层序发育的主控因素,认为构造和气候是高邮凹陷层序发育的主控因素。     

济阳坳陷早第三纪地震事件沉积序列

济阳坳陷下第三系沙河街组砂四段上部至砂三段地层中发育有以小规模阶梯状正断层为主、阶梯状正断层与振动扭曲变形构造为主和振动液化砂岩脉为主等3种垂向序列的震积岩.它们分别出现在盆地北部陡坡带、洼陷带和中央隆起带.震积岩的发育是控盆边界断裂强烈幕式活动导致的地震作用的直接结果,不同构造单元具有不同的震积序列,反映了随着距震中越来越远地震作用能量逐渐衰减的过程.根据震积岩发育的层位可以研究边界断裂强烈活动的时期,同时,震积岩在地层剖面中的重复出现表明了边界断裂活动具有周期性和幕式特征.     

北山北带北亚带西缘奥陶纪火山岩地球化学特征

分布于甘肃北山北亚带的奥陶纪火山岩是一套由浅变质的富碱玄武安山岩、粗面英安岩以及少量钾玄岩岩石组合。岩石稀土总量偏低,属轻稀土富集型,稀土分布模式为右倾曲线;微量元素的球粒陨石标准化配分模式显示岩石富集K、Rb、Th等元素,而亏损Nb、Ti,表明火山岩形成与板块俯冲作用有关。综合分析火山岩的岩石学、岩石地球化学特征,并结合区域构造背景,认为该套火山岩产于活动大陆边缘岛弧带环境,为俯冲造山带的构造背景。     

江门地区一次暴雨天气分析及数值预报的应用

本文探讨了江门地区前汛期一次暴雨天气发生发展的物理机制和数值预报产品的特点,结果表明：槽前的正涡度平流导致强烈辐合上升运动,触发边界层不稳定能量的释放,是暴雨产生的触发机制;时、空分辨率较细的数值预报产品对暴雨落点、落区预报提供了较好的参考依据。