景洪南林-大勐龙地区铁多金属矿资源潜力

南林-曼养-大勐龙地区火山岛弧构造,岩浆-火山活动期次多,时间跨度长,酸性-中性-基性岩均有产出,与火山活动有关的铁矿资源较为丰富。对区内主要两种铁矿成因的探讨和对磁异常与铁矿床内在联系的分析,认为本区铁矿资源找矿潜力很好,值得进一步进行以铁为主的多金属地质勘查工作。     

Distribution of crustal fluids in Northeast Japan as inferred from resistivity surveys

We carried out magnetotelluric (MT) surveys in central northeastern Japan. Two-dimensional resistivity profiles along three survey lines show similar features each other. By comparing the resistivity distribution to the distribution of seismic velocities, we inferred the distribution and flow of crustal fluids. Three fluid flow paths were detected based on the distribution of regions of low resistivity. The first path ascends from the top of the upper mantle, passes through the lower crust, and reaches the surface, forming a fluid chamber within the lower or middle crust. This path is related to the volcanic activity in the backbone range. The second path rises from the first fluid chamber and has produced small fluid reservoirs on both sides of the backbone range. These small reservoirs are considered to be related to the seismicity of the region. The third path is located to the east of the volcanic front and represents another fluid flow path from the uppermost mantle to the lower crust that may have formed a small fluid reservoir to the east of the volcanic front.     

Origin of Late Palaeoproterozoic Great Vindhyan basin of North Indian shield: Geochemical evidence from mafic volcanic rocks

On the western and southern margins of the sickle shaped Vindhyan basin of north Indian shield, there are basal Vindhyan mafic volcanic rocks referred to as Khairmalia volcanics and Jungel volcanics respectively. These volcanics vary in composition from low-Ti tholeiite to high-Ti alkali basalt showing close affinity with continental flood basalts (CFB) and ocean island basalts (OIB) respectively. The parental magmas of Khairmalia and Jungel alkali basalts were formed by different degrees of partial melting of a garnet lherzolite. The magma of Khairmalia tholeiites was generated by a relatively higher degrees of partial melting of a garnet + spinel lherzolite. The geochemical data coupled with available geological and geophysical data favour a rift type origin of this basin which evolved as a peripheral basin showing many similarities with Paleogene Himalayan foreland basin. The existing radiometric age data suggest that the origin of Vindhyan basin is linked with Aravalli–Satpura orogeny. At about 1800–1600 Ma collision occurred along the Aravalli-Delhi fold belt (ADFB) and Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ) with west and south subduction respectively. During this process the subducting lithosphere suffered extensional deformation on its convex side and some pre-existing large faults in the already thin leading edge of subducted plate also reactivated and tapped magma generated by decompressional melting of the subcontinental mantle. The simultaneous processes such as flexural subsidence, reactivation of pre-existing faults, heating, thermal cooling and contraction during volcanism, resulted in the formation of curvilinear warp parallel to the emerging mountain front. The Lower Vindhyan volcano–sedimentary succession was deformed and exposed to erosion before the deposition of Upper Vindhyan rocks. The orogenic forces were active intermittently throughout the Vindhyan sedimentation.     

Characteristics and formation of rain forest soils derived from late Quaternary basaltic rocks in Leyte,Philippines

This study was conducted to evaluate the physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of rain forest soils derived from late Quaternary basaltic rocks in Leyte, Philippines. Four sites along a catena were selected at an elevation of 75–112 m above sea level with an average annual rainfall of 3,000 mm and an average temperature of 28°C. Results indicate that the soils are deep, clayey, and reddish in color, which is indicative of the advanced stage of soil development. They also posses excellent physical condition (friable and highly porous) although they are plastic and sticky when wet as is usual for clayey soils. In terms of chemical characteristics, the soils are acidic with low CEC values and generally low in organic matter and nutrient contents. The clay mineralogy of the soils is dominated by halloysite and kaolinite with minor amounts of goethite and hematite, and they also have generally high dithionite-extractable Fe contents confirming the advanced stage of their development. The soils in the more stable slope positions (PL-1, PL-2, and PL-4) have generally similar characteristics and appeared more developed than the one in the less stable position (PL-3). The most important pedogenic processes that formed the soils appear to be weathering, loss of bases and acidification, desilification, ferrugination, clay formation and translocation, and structure formation. The nature of the parent rock and climatic conditions prevailing in the area as well as slope position appear to have dominant effects on the development of the soils.     

Landscape and sedimentary response to catastrophic debris avalanches, western Taranaki, New Zealand

Catastrophic volcanic debris avalanches reshape volcanic edifices with up to half of pre-collapse cone volumes being removed. Deposition from this debris avalanche deposit often fills and inundates the surrounding landscape and may permanently change the distribution of drainage networks. On the weakly-incised Mt. Taranaki ring-plain, volcanic debris avalanche deposits typically form a large, wedge shape (in plan view), over all flat-lying fans. Following volcanic debris avalanches a period of intense re-sedimentation commonly begins on ring-plain areas, particularly in wet or temperate climates. This is exacerbated by large areas of denuded landscape, ongoing instability in the scarp/source region, damming of river/stream systems, and in some cases inherent instability of the volcanic debris avalanche deposits. In addition, on Mt. Taranaki, the collapse of a segment of the cone by volcanic debris avalanche often generates long periods of renewed volcanism, generating large volumes of juvenile tephra onto unstable and unvegetated slopes, or construction of new domes with associated rock falls and block-and-ash flows. The distal ring-plain impact from these post-debris avalanche conditions and processes is primarily accumulation of long run-out debris flow and hyperconcentrated flow deposits with a variety of lithologies and sedimentary character. Common to these post-debris avalanche units is evidence for high-water-content flows that are typically non-cohesive. Hence sedimentary variations in these units are high in lateral and longitudinal exposure in relation to local topography. The post-collapse deposits flank large-scale fans and hence similar lithological and chronological sequences can form on widely disparate sectors of the ring plain. These deposits on Mt. Taranaki provide a record of landscape response and ring-plain evolution in three stages that divide the currently identified Warea Formation: 1) the deposition of broad fans of material adjacent to the debris avalanche unit; 2) channel formation and erosion of Stage 1 deposits, primarily at the contact between debris avalanche deposits and the Stage 1 deposits and the refilling of these channels; and 3) the development of broad tabular sheet flows on top of the debris avalanche, leaving sediments between debris avalanche mounds. After a volcanic debris avalanche, these processes represent an ever changing and evolving hazard-scape with hazard maps needing to be regularly updated to take account of which stage the sedimentary system is in.     

Geomorphology and geomorphological heritage of the Ifrane–Azrou region (Middle Atlas,Morocco)

Geomorphological heritage is a widely used term in European and North-American countries, but is still scarcely mentioned in Africa. Nevertheless, the attractiveness of the African countries is often intimately connected to its breathtaking and endless geological landscapes. Morocco is one of those countries that has the widest diversity in landscapes and landforms, ranging from the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts over the Rif, Middle Atlas, High Atlas and Anti-Atlas mountain chains to the great rocky and sandy deserts in the South. A wide variety of geological units hosting different types of important economic mineral deposits cover a temporal range from Late Precambrian to Quaternary. A detailed geomorphological study has been carried out in the region of Ifrane and Azrou (Middle Atlas, Central Morocco) using a combination of high resolution satellite data and direct field observations integrated by geological maps and scientific literature. In order to describe and evaluate the geomorphological heritage of this area, 40 geomorphosites have been selected comprising springs, karst landforms (polje, dolines, caves, sinkholes, stone forests, cryptokarstic dolines), carbonate depositional landforms (travertines and waterfalls), fluvial landforms (meanders, canyons, palaeo-valleys, etc.), structural landforms (triangular facets, hogbacks, cuestas, residual outcrops, etc.) and volcanic landforms (volcanoes, caldeira, pyroclastic cones, lava tube). The results of this research have been summarised in a thematic map, representing the geomorphosites related to various landscape units.     

东准噶尔卡拉麦里地区巴塔玛依内山组火山岩特征和年代确定

巴塔玛依内山组火山岩在新疆准噶尔盆地东部及其周缘山区广泛分布,是陆东、五彩湾等地区卡拉麦里大气田的主要储层。根据两个实测剖面和一口钻井岩性剖面的对比,巴塔玛依内山组陆相喷发火山岩具有多期次,间歇性喷发的特征,沉积岩夹层是主要的喷发间断面标志。火山岩地层厚度变化快,岩相岩性变化大。岩石化学分析表明巴塔玛依内山组火山岩主要是亚碱性-碱性、高钾的中基性岩。巴塔玛依内山组火山岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果为350.0±6.3Ma,结合其上覆地层的生物化石证据,认为巴塔玛依内山组属于下石炭统。     

Water-soluble organic and nitrogen levels in cloud and rainwater in a background marine environment under influence of different air masses

Chemical characterization was performed on cloud and rainwater samples collected as part of the Rain In Cumulus over the Ocean Experiment (RICO). This experiment took place at a mountaintop site (East Peak) in Puerto Rico from December 2004 to March 2007 in order to determine water-soluble organic and nitrogen fractions in a marine background environment. For cloud water, similar average concentrations of 1.0 (±0.3) mg/L were found for total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) and an average concentration of 0.8 (±0.2) mg/L was found for dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In rainwater, these concentrations were lower, ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 (±0.1) mg/L. Changes in the concentrations of these species were observed in periods under the influence of anthropogenic, African dust, and volcanic ash air masses. In these periods the concentrations of TOC, DOC, and TN were 2 to 4 times higher than in periods under the influence of trade winds. The insoluble organic material arriving during African dust events showed total carbon (TC) concentrations on averaging 1.5 mg/L for cloud water. The TC was composed mainly of organic carbon with polar compounds from low to high molecular weight (MW). The polar compounds with high MW were probably associated with pollution (e.g., fossil fuel combustion) from other regions. Crustal species (Al and Fe) dominated particles associated with dust episodes, confirming the soil origin. Our results suggested that a fraction (40–80%) of TOC and (<100%) of TN in Puerto Rican cloud/rainwater could be originated from long-range transport of dust, ash and/or pollution.     

准噶尔盆地东部石炭系火山岩储层地质特征及油气意义

准噶尔盆地东部石炭系火山岩油气藏勘探近年来取得了重大成就。该区石炭系巴塔玛依内山组火山岩储层类型多样,包括玄武岩、安山岩和流纹岩等火山熔岩,火山集块、火山角砾岩、凝灰岩等火山碎屑岩以及各种沉积—火山岩。火山岩存在多期次、间歇性喷发的特征,一般至少可以划分为3个喷发期次,沉积岩夹层是其主要喷发间断面,两个沉积夹层之间的火山岩层段是有利储集段带。该区石炭纪古火山机构类型多样,近火山通道火山角砾岩发育,是有利的储集相带。综合古生物化石证据和同位素年代学资料,火山活动时限为早石炭世,该区石炭系地层自下而上应为下石炭统塔木岗组、滴水泉组和巴塔玛依内山组;上石炭统为石钱滩组。     

新疆三塘湖盆地石炭系含油气系统初步评价

新疆三塘湖盆地晚古生代发育哈尔加乌组和卡拉岗组陆相火山喷发岩系,二者在岩石组合上均以中酸性火山岩及其碎屑岩为主,局部夹基性火山岩。通过岩性剖面和化石组合对比认为哈尔加乌组和卡拉岗组为同一时代地层,没有上下关系,时代为晚石炭世—早二叠世。对哈尔加乌组火山岩进行锆石SHRIMP U Pb定年获取年龄值为3196±98 Ma,表明这套火山岩含有石炭纪的部分,限定这套火山岩系的喷发时限为石炭纪中期至早二叠世。哈尔加乌组和卡拉岗组火山岩发育多期的火山喷发—沉积旋回,形成巨厚层的火山岩和火山碎屑岩的互层,具备良好的油气储集条件,其下伏老爷庙组暗色泥岩夹层有机碳（TOC）含量较高（071％162％）,属于一般烃源岩—好烃源岩,这套烃源岩与哈尔加乌组—卡拉岗组火山岩构成生储盖组合,上覆上二叠统芨芨槽子群泥岩为盖层,构成盆地与火山岩相关的石炭系含油气系统,具有重大的石油地质意义。