Determining magma flow in sills,dykes and laccoliths and their implications for sill emplacement mechanisms

Three-dimensional seismic data from the Faeroe-Shetland Basin provides detailed information on the relationships between sills, dykes, laccoliths and contemporaneous volcanic activity. The data shows that sills are predominantly concave upwards, being complete or partial versions of radially or bilaterally symmetrical forms that possess flat inner saucers connected to a flat outer rim by a steeply inclined sheet. Such morphologies are only partially modified by pre-existing faults. Sills can be sourced from dykes or the steep climbing portions of deeper sills. Both sills and dykes can provide magma to overlying volcanic fissures and sills can be shown to feed shallow laccoliths. Magma flow patterns, as revealed by opacity rendering, suggest that sills propagate upwards and outwards away from the magma feeder. As an individual sill can consist of several leaves emplaced at different stratigraphic levels, and as a sill or dyke can provide magma to volcanic fissures, other sills and laccoliths, the data suggests that neutral buoyancy concepts may not provide a complete explanation for the mechanism and level of sill emplacement. Instead, the data suggests that the presence of lithological contrasts, particularly ductile horizons such as overpressured shales may permit sill formation at any level below the neutrally buoyant level. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Ken Thomson–deceased, April 2007     

元宝山露天矿基岩含水层疏干方法研究

以大量的水文地质资料和抽水试验以及相邻矿井放水试验实测数据，对元宝山露天煤矿基岩含水层的可疏必及可利用巷道疏干的方法，进行了分析，论证与研究，通过放水试验，初步证明元宝山露天矿基岩含水层采用巷道疏干的方法是可行的。     

四川大邑—崇州地区的白垩、第三系

四川大邑、崇州地区的白垩、第三系发育良好 ,地层呈北东—南西走向。在《万家坪幅》区域地质调研期间 ,对该区的白垩系、第三系测制了多条剖面 ,划分出了天马山组、夹关组、灌口组、名山组及大邑砾岩等岩石地层单元 ,总结了它的岩石特征相变情况 ,讨论了白垩、第三纪地的地质时代及划分对比 ,简述了这一时期沉积环境的演变是由冲积扇到河、湖相的划分依据     

新疆乌伦古河地区第三系简介

近年来在新疆准噶尔盆地北缘乌伦古河地区发现了许多新的哺乳动物化石地点和层位 ,有可能对该区出露的第三纪地层进行较为准确的层位对比。通过精测剖面、岩性观察和地层追索 ,在前人工作的基础上依据沉积组合、上下地层间的关系及所含哺乳动物化石性质 ,乌伦古河地区的第三纪地层可划分为 5个岩石地层单元 :可可买登组、哈拉玛盖组、索索泉组、铁尔斯哈巴合组和乌伦古河组 ,其中可可买登组和哈拉玛盖组是由原来的段提升为组 ,铁尔斯哈巴合组为新建组 ,并给予乌伦古河组新的定义     

对沉积混杂作用和沉积混杂岩的再认识

回顾了沉积混杂碉的研究历史，指出了沉积混杂岩的分布位置和形成机制，重新给出了沉积混杂岩的定义，依据沉积混杂作用的不同方式划分为四种类型，重力垮塌和重力汉混杂作用，冰筏混杂作用，古喀斯特混杂作用和损落混杂作用，最后探讨了海底混杂岩块的来源和搬运方式。     

岩石变形所反映的地震作用过程--第13届国际变形机理、流变学和构造学学术会议概述

简要介绍了第13届国际变形机理、流变学和构造学学术会议的概况和特点，综述了地震变形作用的研究现状。     

松辽盆地南部第三系可地浸砂岩型铀矿成矿条件研究

松辽盆地第三系可地浸砂岩型铀矿成矿地质条件前人曾从区域上作过分析，从1998年起，该区投入了大量钻探工作，进行1：20万可地浸砂岩型铀矿区调。本文在钻孔编录及剖面编制、样品分析的基础上，从岩性、岩相，岩石化学、有机质、铀含量、岩石孔隙度、砂体分布、层间氧化带发育程度及水动力条件等方面，进一步分析了该区第三系铀成矿条件。     

火山地区二维自然电位异常反演

将线性反演理论与正则化法相结合，提出一个火山地区二维自然电位（ＳＰ）异常反演方法．地下岩浆活动（对流体）是引起自电异常的极化源，反演的目的是计算地下视极化强度分布和极化源中心位置．可以通过用已知的各种资料改变地下极化源区域（简称源区）的方式来进行多次反演，以便获得一个比较合理的地下视极化强度分布模型．最后，分别给出意大利和墨西哥的两个火山地区的自然电位异常分析结果．     

Pyroclastic flows and surges over water: an example from the 1883 Krakatau eruption

Pyroclastic deposits from the 1883 eruption of Krakatau are described from areas northeast of the volcano on the islands of Sebesi, Sebuku, and Lagoendi, and the southeast coast of Sumatra. Massive and poorly stratified units formed predominantly from pyroclastic flows and surges that traveled over the sea for distances up to 80 km. Granulometric and lithologic characteristics of the deposits indicate that they represent the complement of proximal subaerial and submarine pyroclastic flow deposits laid down on and close to the Krakatau islands. The distal deposits exhibit a decrease in sorting coefficient, median grain size, and thickness with increasing distance from Krakatau. Crystal fractionation is consistent with the distal facies being derived from the upper part of gravitationally segregated pyroclastic flows in which the relative amount of crystal enrichment and abundance of dense lithic clasts diminished upwards. The deposits are correlated to a major pyroclastic flow phase that occurred on the morning of 27 August at approximately 10 a.m. Energetic flows spread out away from the volcano at speeds in excess of 100 km/h and traveled up to 80 km from source. The flows retained temperatures high enough to burn victims on the SW coast of Sumatra. Historical accounts from ships in the Sunda Straits constrain the area affected by the flows to a minimum of 4x10³ km². At the distal edge of this area the flows were relatively dilute and turbulent, yet carried enough material to deposit several tens of centimeters of tephra. The great mobility of the Krakatau flows from the 10 a.m. activity may be the result of enhanced runout over the sea. It is proposed that the generation of steam at the flow/seawater interface may have led to a reduction in the sedimentation of particles and consequently a delay in the time before the flows ceased lateral motion and became buoyantly convective. The buoyant distal edge of these ash-and steam-laden clouds lifted off into the atmosphere, leading to cooling, condensation, and mud rain.     

五大连池火山构造地震空间分布及其构造含义

在对五大连池地震台１９８３年以来观测到的五大连池火山区的地震记录复核的基础上，测定了火山构造地震的空间分布状态。研究结果表明该地区地震活动均为壳内地震。受火山构造环境影响，地震活动存在着外围边缘强，震源深度分布深；内部弱，震源深度分布浅的差异。火山区内部地震深度分布优势在５ｋｍ—８ｋｍ，有３个地震分布密集区，震中分布呈明显的沿火山构造断层成带分布特性。在地震条带交汇处，震源深度起伏变化大，是火山构造活动强烈部位