中国东南大陆中生代火山岩带研究进展和方向

总结了目前东南大陆中生代火山岩带研究的主要成果、存在问题及其基本原因 ,提出了今后应进一步研究的方向 ,并且指出新一轮国土资源大调查为深化前人成果、把该火山岩带的研究水平提高到新的阶段提供了难得的机遇。     

五大连池火山新史料及对火山喷发过程的讨论

本文叙述了新发现的有关五大连池老黑山,火烧山两座近代火山喷发过程的清化清文料档案的主要内容。在此基础上讨论了火山发过程及有关问题,同时评议了这些史料的学术价值．     

西北地区侏罗纪升温事件及其形成机制

通过对西北地区侏罗纪孢粉学特征的研究,并结合岩石的物理属性,认为中侏罗世晚期到晚侏罗世末存在一次最为明显的升温事件,其主要原因是由于侏罗纪全球性气温升高所导致．这次升温事件影响和改变了当时的成煤气候,并导致了早侏罗世－中侏罗世晚期聚煤作用的终止和消亡．     

徐州市的环境地质问题及机理研究

岩溶地下水是徐州市城市供水的主要水源,多年来,由于对岩溶水的大量不合理开采,导致一系列环境地质问题。概述徐州市水文地持笔岩溶水的开采状况系统地分析徐州市的环境地质问题及其产生的原因和机理,并提出防治对策。     

Stabilization of volcanic flanks by dike intrusion: an example from Kilauea

 Dike propagation and dilation increases the compression of adjacent rocks. On volcanoes, especially oceanic shields, dikes are accordingly thought to be structurally destabilizing. As compression is incremented, volcanic flanks are driven outward or downslope and thus increase their susceptibility to destructive earthquakes and giant landslides. We show, however, that the 2-m-thick dike emplaced along the east rift zone of Kilauea in 1983 actually stabilized that volcano's flank. Specifically, production of flank earthquakes dropped more than twofold after 1983 as maximum downslope motion slowed to 6 cm·year^–1 from approximately 40 cm·year^–1 during 1980–1982. As much as 65 cm of deflationary subsidence above Kilauea's summit and upper rift zones accompanied the dike intrusion. According to recent estimates, this deflation corresponds to a reduction in magma-reservoir pressure of approximately 4 MPa, probably about as much as the driving pressure of the 1983 dike. The volume of the dike, approximately 0.10–0.15 km³, is orders of magnitude less than the estimated 200- to 250-km³ volume of Kilauea's reservoir of magma and nearby hot, mushy rock. Thus, deflation of that reservoir reduces the compressional load on the flank over a much larger area than intrusion of the dike adds to it, particularly at the dominant depth of seismicity, 8–9 km. A Coulomb block model for flank motion during intervals between major earthquakes requires the low-angle fault beneath Kilauea's flank to exhibit slip weakening, conducive to earthquake instability. Accordingly, the triggering mechanism of destructive earthquakes, several of which have struck Hawaii during the past 150 years, need not require stresses accumulated by dike intrusions. Received: 27 October 1998 / Accepted: 24 May 1999     

Volcanology of the 2350 B.P. Eruption of Mount Meager Volcanic Complex, British Columbia, Canada: implications for Hazards from Eruptions in Topographically Complex Terrain

 The Pebble Creek Formation (previously known as the Bridge River Assemblage) comprises the eruptive products of a 2350 calendar year B.P. eruption of the Mount Meager volcanic complex and two rock avalanche deposits. Volcanic rocks of the Pebble Creek Formation are the youngest known volcanic rocks of this complex. They are dacitic in composition and contain phenocrysts of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, amphibole, biotite and minor oxides in a glassy groundmass. The eruption was episodic, and the formation comprises fallout pumice (Bridge River tephra), pyroclastic flows, lahars and a lava flow. It also includes a unique form of welded block and ash breccia derived from collapsing fronts of the lava flow. This Merapi-type breccia dammed the Lillooet River. Collapse of the dam triggered a flood that flowed down the Lillooet Valley. The flood had an estimated total volume of 10⁹ m³ and inundated the Lillooet Valley to a depth of at least 30 m above the paleo-valley floor 5.5 km downstream of the blockage. Rock avalanches comprising mainly blocks of Plinth Assemblage volcanic rocks (an older formation making up part of the Mount Meager volcanic complex) underlie and overlie the primary volcanic units of the Formation. Both rock avalanches are unrelated to the 2350 B.P. eruption, although the post-eruption avalanche may have its origins in the over-steepened slopes created by the explosive phase of the eruption. Much of the stratigraphic complexity evident in the Pebble Creek Formation results from deposition in a narrow, steep-sided mountain valley containing a major river. Received: 20 January 1998 / Accepted: 29 September 1998     

Sangay volcano, Ecuador: structural development, present activity and petrology

Sangay (5230 m), the southernmost active volcano of the Andean Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ), sits 130 km above a >32-Ma-old slab, close to a major tear that separates two distinct subducting oceanic crusts. Southwards, Quaternary volcanism is absent along a 1600-km-long segment of the Andes. Three successive edifices of decreasing volume have formed the Sangay volcanic complex during the last 500 ka. Two former cones (Sangay I and II) have been largely destroyed by sector collapses that resulted in large debris avalanches that flowed out upon the Amazon plain. Sangay III, being constructed within the last avalanche amphitheater, has been active at least since 14 ka BP. Only the largest eruptions with unusually high Plinian columns are likely to represent a major hazard for the inhabited areas located 30 to 100 km west of the volcano. However, given the volcano's relief and unbuttressed eastern side, a future collapse must be considered, that would seriously affect an area of present-day colonization in the Amazon plain, 30 km east of the summit. Andesites greatly predominate at Sangay, there being few dacites and basalts. In order to explain the unusual characteristics of the Sangay suite—highest content of incompatible elements (except Y and HREE) of any NVZ suite, low Y and HREE values in the andesites and dacites, and high Nb/La of the only basalt found—a preliminary five-step model is proposed: (1) an enriched mantle (in comparison with an MORB source), or maybe a variably enriched mantle, at the site of the Sangay, prior to Quaternary volcanism; (2) metasomatism of this mantle by important volumes of slab-derived fluids enriched in soluble incompatible elements, due to the subduction of major oceanic fracture zones; (3) partial melting of this metasomatized mantle and generation of primitive basaltic melts with Nb/La values typical of the NVZ, which are parental to the entire Sangay suite but apparently never reach the surface and subordinate production of high Nb/La basaltic melts, maybe by lower degrees of melting at the periphery of the main site of magma formation, that only infrequently reach the surface; (4) AFC processes at the base of a 50-km-thick crust, where parental melts pond and fractionate while assimilating remelts of similar basaltic material previously underplated, producing andesites with low Y and HREE contents, due to garnet stability at this depth; (5) low-pressure fractionation and mixing processes higher in the crust. Both an enriched mantle under Sangay prior to volcanism and an important slab-derived input of fluids enriched in soluble incompatible elements, two parameters certainly related to the unique setting of the volcano at the southern termination of the NVZ, apparently account for the exceptionally high contents of incompatible elements of the Sangay suite. In addition, the low Cr/Ni values of the entire suite—another unique characteristic of the NVZ—also requires unusual fractionation processes involving Cr-spinel and/or clinopyroxene, either in the upper mantle or at the base of the crust.     

渤海湾盆地第三纪的岩浆旋回

本文提出了岩浆旋回的概念,初步探索了岩浆旋回的划分方法,并以构造演化为基础,结合岩浆活动方式、岩石地球化学指标,对渤海湾盆地岩浆旋回进行了划分。盆地中第三纪岩浆活动划分为两大旋回：早第三纪华北Ⅰ幕旋回和晚第三纪华北Ⅱ幕旋回。第一旋回（华北Ⅰ幕）划分为3期：孔店组（房身泡组）—沙河街组四段期、沙河街组三段—沙河街组二段期及沙河街组一段—东营组期。第二旋回（华北Ⅱ幕）为晚第三纪。旋回内部各期的早、晚岩浆活动形式有所不同。     

吉林省第三纪火山岩年代地层及构造环境

本文对吉林省第三纪年代地层、岩石地层、火山事件地层提出了新的划分方案。建立了15个火山事件地层序列。依据区域性地层角度不整合及构造岩浆活动的性质,划分出三个构造发展阶段。对比吉林省及邻区与日本列岛各阶段主要地质事件的特征,获得了第三纪的火山活动构造环境新认识：第一阶段（62～34Ma）总体上为挤压造山环境,由初期的弧后拉张转为后期的挤压,与太平洋板块的俯冲和斜冲地球动力学机制有关。第二阶段（34～5.2Ma）为拉张环境,受日本海盆的打开和演化直接控制。第三阶段（5.2～1.64Ma）为挤压抬升环境,对应着菲律宾海板块向日本岛弧下的俯冲。     

关于赣东北上墅组火山岩的再认识及其地质意义

本论文对与我国南方板溪群相当的赣东北上墅组火 山岩进行了地 质学、岩石学、地球化学和定年研究。提出该火山岩应划分为形成时代不同、岩石特征各异 的两大类型：其一为红色陆相中、新元古代钙碱性中—高钾火山岩和碱性钾玄岩;其二为绿 色海相早、中古生代拉斑玄武质低—中钾火山岩。笔者认为,赣东北地区原定的板溪群(古 陆)应当解体,其中的红色陆相火山岩系为所谓的江南古陆的一部分,可与我国东南的板溪 群相当;绿色的海相火山岩系则不属于板溪群,应从江南古陆中分解出来。