黄骅盆地下第三系生物群及环境分析

本文试图根据孢粉组合中各类别成分的分析,推断盆地从始新世至渐新世的古植被、古气候有三个不同发展阶段。依据化石生物群中不同类别的特征和含量分析、以及孢粉与藻类的比值,推测早第三纪盆地属大陆滨海区陆相湖泊。     

Extension-related origin of magmas from a garnet-bearing source in the Los Tuxtlas volcanic field, Mexico

The Los Tuxtlas volcanic field (LTVF) of late Miocene to Recent age is a key area to understand the consequences of the current subduction of the Cocos plate beneath the North American plate, as well as the competing effects of the ongoing extension along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Geochemical and radiogenic (Sr, Nd, and Pb) isotope data are used to constrain the origin of these 7 Ma to Recent magmas in this area. The basanitic and alkaline basaltic rocks show highly steep light rare-earth element-enriched patterns implying residual garnet in their mantle source, whereas the evolved alkaline and sub-alkaline rocks have less steep rare-earth element patterns consistent with a contribution from the continental crust. Geochemical and isotope data from the LTVF are compared with those from continental rifts, extension-related areas, continental break-up regions, and island and continental arcs, including the Central American volcanic arc related to the subduction of the same oceanic plate (Cocos plate), as well as with those from the two nearby Mexican provinces [the Eastern Alkaline Province (EAP) and the eastern part of the Mexican Volcanic Belt (E-MVB)]. These data for the LTVF primitive rocks are similar to rifts, extension-related areas and continental break-up regions, including the two Mexican provinces, but different from island and continental arcs, including the northern part of the Central American Volcanic Arc (CAVA). The LTVF rocks show an unusual Th and U enrichment with respect to Ba and Rb, which also renders a distinct negative Nb anomaly (with respect to Th and K) in them. These rocks also show a negative Nb anomaly (with respect to Ba and La) that is similar to numerous rift, extension-related areas, and continental break-up regions, but distinct from all arcs around the world, indicating that the magma genesis processes in the LTVF are similar to those in rifts. The “Sr-shift”, shown to be a typical feature of most, if not all, island and continental arcs including the CAVA, is not present in the LTVF rocks. Numerous discrimination diagrams, including the new discriminant function diagrams, suggest a rift setting for the LTVF. An essentially extension-related origin of the LTVF is, therefore, inferred in this study. Furthermore, in the light of major and trace element data for LTVF primitive rocks and their modelling an incompatible element-enriched garnet-bearing source seems plausible. The LTVF source is likely to reside in the lithosphere rather than the asthenosphere although the asthenospheric contribution cannot be completely ruled out. The evolved alkaline and sub-alkaline rocks might have a lower crustal component. Finally, it appears that the LTVF shows more affinity to the EAP rather than to the Mexican Volcanic Belt (MVB), implying that the LTVF should probably be considered as a part of the EAP.     

Microseismic activity in the Hellenic Volcanic Arc, Greece, with emphasis on the seismotectonic setting of the Santorini–Amorgos zone

The volcanic arc of the Hellenic subduction zone with its four volcanic centers is of major relevance when evaluating the seismovolcanic hazard for the Aegean region. We present results from a 22-station temporary seismic network (CYCNET) in the central Hellenic Volcanic Arc (HVA). CYCNET recordings allow to analyze the level and spatio-temporal evolution of microseismic activity in this region for the first time. A total of 2175 events recorded between September 2002 and July 2004 are analyzed using statistical methods, cluster analysis and relative relocation techniques. We identify distinct regions with significantly varying spatio-temporal behavior of microseismicity. A large portion of the seismic activity within the upper crust is associated with the presence of islands representing horst structures that were generated during the major Oligocene extensional phase. In contrast, the central part of the Cyclades metamorphic core complex remains aseismic considering our magnitude threshold of 1.8 except one spot where events occur swarm-like and with highly similar waveforms.The highest activity in the study area was identified along the SW–NE striking Santorini–Amorgos zone. Within this zone the submarine Columbo volcano exhibits strong temporal variations of seismic activity on a high background level. This activity is interpreted to be directly linked to the magma reservoir and therein the migration of magma and fluids towards the surface. NE of Columbo where no volcanic activity has yet been reported we observe a similar seismicity pattern with small-scaled activity spots that might represent local pathways of upward migrating fluids or even developing volcanic activity within this zone of crustal weakness. In contrast, the Santorini and Milos volcanic complexes do not show significant temporal variations and low to moderate background activity, respectively. Relating our results to the distribution of historical earthquakes and the GPS-derived horizontal velocity field we conclude that the Santorini–Amorgos zone is presently in the state of right-lateral transtension reflecting a major structural boundary of the volcanic arc subdividing it into a seismically and volcanically quiet western and an active eastern part.     

柴达木盆地北缘滩间山群火山岩及形成环境

上奥陶统滩间山群以浅变质的中基性火山岩为主，均历经不同程度蚀变，选用相对稳定的高场强元素、稀土元素及Th、Y等研究火山岩原岩组成。岩石化学和微量元素判别标志指示火山岩形成于岛弧环境。     

新疆阿希金矿床赋矿围岩——大哈拉军山组火山岩SHRIMP锆石年龄及其地质意义

阿希金矿是一个赋存于西天山古生代陆相火山岩中的低硫型浅成低温热液金矿床,离子探针测定显示其赋矿围岩大哈拉军山组第五岩性段陆相火山岩高精度锆石SHRIMP年龄为363.2±5.7Ma.该年龄的地质意义有二1.阿希金矿赋矿围岩大哈拉军山组火山岩形成于晚泥盆世,而不是前人普遍认为的早石炭世或三叠-侏罗纪;2.阿希金矿成矿时代为晚古生代早期,介于363.2±5.7Ma到早石炭世维宪期.     

江汉盆地早第三纪玄武质岩石^39Ar／^40Ar年代学和地球化学特征及其成因意义

江汉盆地早第三纪火山岩主、微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素以及精确的40 Ar/39 Ar年代学研究表明该火山岩形成于57.3±0.4Ma,由亚碱性的玄武岩和玄武质安山岩组成,富集LILE和HFSE,(La/Yb)cn=3.5～10.4,Eu/Eu*=0.99～1.08,具有与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)相似的地球化学特征.微量元素比值和Sr-Nd同位素组成上表明,其地球化学特征与源于EMⅡ型富集岩石圈-软流圈相互作用而形成的华北南缘早第三纪火山岩以及东南沿海新生代玄武质岩石相似.结合长江中下游地区中生代玄武岩Pb同位素的资料,暗示扬子北缘新生代岩石圈地幔属性可能是其中生代属性的继承.江汉盆地早第三纪玄武质岩石是在陆内的岩石圈伸展拉张构造背景下,对流软流圈上涌导致EMⅡ型岩石圈地幔部分熔融的结果.     

以火山岩层序剖面K-Ar测年确定辽西四合屯古生物化石地层的年代

从系统剖面连续测年的角度，利用K-Ar年代学方法并结合前人工作，确定了辽西四合屯剖面的六个火山活动期和含古生物化石的湖相沉积地层的顶底时间界限。六期火山活动分别为133．6～133．1Ma、129．3．129．2Ma、．126．1Ma、125．1．124．2Ma、-122Ma和～113Ma。其中第四期活动最为强烈。侵入含古生物化石的湖相沉积层的火山岩的年龄为124．4Ma，其上覆火山岩年龄为124．2Ma，下伏火山岩的年龄为124．6～125．1Ma，因此，该湖相沉积地层的持续时间应为大约1Ma。     

区域旅游产业生态集群的内在机理与培育策略

旅游产业生态集群是适应旅游产业生态化发展要求的最优空间布局模式,它以特有的空间结构和生态内涵区别于一般产业集群。本文以湖北省神农架自然保护区为例,从集群组织体系的构建和生态持续力的培植两方面提出了旅游产业生态集群的培育策略。     

Structural evolution of the Pleistocene Cimini trachytic volcanic complex (Central Italy)

Structural, geomorphological, geophysical and volcanological data have been processed for the implementation of a dedicated GIS through which the structural evolution of the Pleistocene trachytic Cimini volcano (central Italy) has been reconstructed. The evolution of the Cimini complex includes three main close-in time phases: (1) intrusion of a shallow laccolith, rising along NW and NE trending faults and stagnating at the contact between the Mesozoic-Cenozoic and the Pliocene-Pleistocene sedimentary units constituting the bedrock of the volcano; (2) emplacement of lava domes along radial and tangential fractures formed by the swelling induced by the laccolith growth; (3) ignimbrite eruptions and final effusion of olivine-latitic lavas. Domes are both of Pelean and low lava dome type and their morphology was controlled by the location on the inclined surface of the swelled area. Some domes show to have uplifted upper Pliocene thermally metamorphosed clay sediments, suggesting a cryptodome-like growth. Comparison of the top of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic units with the top of the upper Pliocene-Pleistocene sedimentary complex, suggests that the laccolith emplaced in a graben of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary complex filled by the Pliocene–Pleistocene sediments uplifted by the shallow intrusion. Stress patterns acting on the Cimini area have been deduced analysing the drainage network and the morphotectonic lineaments. Rose diagrams show a large dispersion of the lineaments reflecting the local presence of radial and tangential fractures. The most frequent extensional NW and NE trending lineaments have regional significance and controlled the magma uprise leading to the laccolith emplacement.     

The respiratory health hazards of volcanic ash: a review for volcanic risk mitigation

Studies of the respiratory health effects of different types of volcanic ash have been undertaken only in the last 40 years, and mostly since the eruption of Mt. St. Helens in 1980. This review of all published clinical, epidemiological and toxicological studies, and other work known to the authors up to and including 2005, highlights the sparseness of studies on acute health effects after eruptions and the complexity of evaluating the long-term health risk (silicosis, non-specific pneumoconiosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) in populations from prolonged exposure to ash due to persistent eruptive activity. The acute and chronic health effects of volcanic ash depend upon particle size (particularly the proportion of respirable-sized material), mineralogical composition (including the crystalline silica content) and the physico-chemical properties of the surfaces of the ash particles, all of which vary between volcanoes and even eruptions of the same volcano, but adequate information on these key characteristics is not reported for most eruptions. The incidence of acute respiratory symptoms (e.g. asthma, bronchitis) varies greatly after ashfalls, from very few, if any, reported cases to population outbreaks of asthma. The studies are inadequate for excluding increases in acute respiratory mortality after eruptions. Individuals with pre-existing lung disease, including asthma, can be at increased risk of their symptoms being exacerbated after falls of fine ash. A comprehensive risk assessment, including toxicological studies, to determine the long-term risk of silicosis from chronic exposure to volcanic ash, has been undertaken only in the eruptions of Mt. St. Helens (1980), USA, and Soufrière Hills, Montserrat (1995 onwards). In the Soufrière Hills eruption, a long-term silicosis hazard has been identified and sufficient exposure and toxicological information obtained to make a probabilistic risk assessment for the development of silicosis in outdoor workers and the general population. A more systematic approach to multi-disciplinary studies in future eruptions is recommended, including establishing an archive of ash samples and a website containing health advice for the public, together with scientific and medical study guidelines for volcanologists and health-care workers.