Formation and stability of mixed Mg/Ca/phytate species in synthetic seawater media: Consequences on ligand speciation

The results of a potentiometric investigation (by ISE-H⁺, glass electrode) on the speciation of phytate ion (Phy¹²⁻) in an ionic medium simulating the major components (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻) of natural seawater, at different salinities and t = 25 °C, are reported. The work was particularly aimed at determining the possible formation of mixed Ca²⁺–Mg²⁺–phytate ion pairs, and to establish how including the formation of these mixed species would affect the speciation modeling in seawater media. After testing various speciation models, that considering the formation of the MgCaH₃Phy⁵⁻, MgCaH₄Phy⁴⁻, Mg₂CaH₃Phy³⁻ and Mg₂CaH₄Phy²⁻ species was accepted, and corresponding stability constants were determined at two salinities (S = 5, 10). A discussion is reported both on the choice of the experimental conditions and on the possibility to extend these results to those typical of real seawater. A detailed procedure is also described to demonstrate that the stability of these species is higher than that statistically predicted. As reported in literature, a parameter, namely log X, has been determined in order to quantify this extra stability for the formation of each mixed species at various salinities. For example, at S = 10, log X₁₁₃ = 2.67 and log X₁₁₄ = 1.37 for MgCaH₃Phy⁵⁻ and MgCaH₄Phy⁴⁻ (statistical value is log X_stat = 0.60), and log X₂₁₃ = 6.11 and log X₂₁₄ = 2.15 for Mg₂CaH₃Phy³⁻ and Mg₂CaH₄Phy²⁻ (log X_stat = 1.43), respectively. Results obtained also showed that the formation of these species may occur even in conditions of low salinity (i.e. low concentration of alkaline earth cations) and low pH (i.e., more protonated ligand).     

Kinetic and equilibrium studies of copper-dissolved organic matter complexation in water column of the stratified Krka River estuary (Croatia)

An interaction of dissolved natural organic matter (DNOM) with copper ions in the water column of the stratified Krka River estuary (Croatia) was studied. The experimental methodology was based on the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric (DPASV) determination of labile copper species by titrating the sample using increments of copper additions uniformly distributed on the logarithmic scale. A classical at-equilibrium approach (determination of copper complexing capacity, CuCC) and a kinetic approach (tracing of equilibrium reconstitution) of copper complexation were considered and compared. A model of discrete distribution of organic ligands forming inert copper complexes was applied. For both approaches, a home-written fitting program was used for the determination of apparent stability constants (K_i^equ), total ligands concentration (L_iT) and association/dissociation rate constants (k_i¹,k_i^- 1).A non-conservative behaviour of dissolved organic matter (DOC) and total copper concentration in a water column was registered. An enhanced biological activity at the freshwater–seawater interface (FSI) triggered an increase of total copper concentration and total ligand concentration in this water layer. The copper complexation in fresh water of Krka River was characterised by one type of binding ligands, while in most of the estuarine and marine samples two classes of ligands were identified. The distribution of apparent stability constants (log K₁^equ: 11.2–13.0, log K₂^equ:8.8–10.0) showed increasing trend towards higher salinities, indicating stronger copper complexation by autochthonous seawater organic matter.Copper complexation parameters (ligand concentrations and apparent stability constants) obtained by at-equilibrium model are in very good accordance with those of kinetic model. Calculated association rate constants (k₁¹:6.1–20 × 10³ (M s)^− 1, k₂¹: 1.3–6.3 × 10³ (M s)^− 1) indicate that copper complexation by DNOM takes place relatively slowly. The time needed to achieve a new pseudo-equilibrium induced by an increase of copper concentration (which is common for Krka River estuary during summer period due to the nautical traffic), is estimated to be from 2 to 4 h.It is found that in such oligotrophic environment (dissolved organic carbon content under 83 µM_C, i.e. 1 mg_CL^− 1) an increase of the total copper concentration above 12 nM could enhance a free copper concentration exceeding the level considered as potentially toxic for microorganisms (10 pM).     

中国海相碳酸盐岩的储层类型、勘探领域及勘探战略

中国海相碳酸盐岩有效储层成因类型主要包括古风化壳岩溶储层、礁滩储层及层状白云岩储层三大类。陆上中—古生界盆地三类储层均有分布,海上第三系盆地主要发育礁滩储层。针对我国海相油气地质特别是陆上中—古生界油气成藏的复杂性,提出应该加强对勘探及认识程度相对较低的礁滩储层形成的原生岩性-成岩圈闭油气藏的研究与勘探工作。石灰岩古风化壳岩溶储层具有强烈的非均质性,白云岩储层的含油气性比较依赖于有效储盖组合及构造圈闭。鉴于我国海相油气资源潜力巨大、勘探程度较低,故应该加强海相油气资源特别是陆上主要盆地海相油气资源及南海油气资源的研究与勘探开发,尤其要加强层序地层及岩相古地理编图等基础油气地质研究工作。     

珠江口及附近海域夏季氮的化学形式分布研究

根据1998年夏季对珠江河口及附近海域的水质调查，研究了氮的各种化学形式的空间分布特征、相关系数和环境条件的影响。结果表明：珠江河口中，无机氮含量很高，占总氮的85％；而硝酸氮占无机氮的95％，NO2^--N和NH4^ -N含量很低。在外海，则以有机氮为主，占总氮的80％。NH4^ -N和NO2^--N在伶仃洋河口中部出现最大值，在外海的值最小；其它形式的氮从伶仃洋内河口到外海，其浓度都逐渐降低。NO3^--N是各种形式氮中的主要因素，它与各形式氮之间具有良好的相关性；NH4^ -N和NO2^--N与其它形式氮之间的相关性都很差，而其余各种形式氮之间都有较好的相关性。涨潮时不利于污染物的扩散；与小潮相比，大潮时伶仃洋河口中部表层氮的浓度偏高。     

Miocene facies associations and sedimentary evolution of the Southern Transylvanian Basin (Romania): Implications for hydrocarbon exploration

The Transylvanian Basin is a mature hydrocarbon province of Romania characterized by two petroleum systems: Mesozoic (thermogenic) and Miocene (biogenic). An extensive outcrop-based sedimentological and micropaleontological study correlated to seismic and well data discusses the elements of the Miocene petroleum system. The facies associations are indicative of alluvial, fandelta, shallow- and deep-marine settings. These are grouped into four different depositional systems (evaporite, mud-carbonate, sand-mud and sand-gravel). Their evolution in time and space shows large differences between various parts of the basin that have important consequences for exploration.     

活动构造研究中相关速率的原地宇宙成因核素年代学约束

活动构造研究中获得的相关速率是解释活动构造运动方式和幅度的重要基础,同时也能够提供检验和建立有关运动学和动力学模型的必要参数。原地宇宙成因核素年代学是近几十年来随着加速质谱的出现而逐渐发展并不断广泛应用于地学,特别是地表过程以及活动构造研究中来的。由于仪器测试费用高以及处理流程比较复杂,国内早期相关研究没有得以广泛开展,然而目前正呈现逐渐升温的趋势。在样品采集以及精细野外地质调查测量的基础上,活动构造研究中的活动断裂运动速率,活动构造区的河流水系侵蚀下切速率以及古地震事件,活动火山喷发事件等均可以通过原地宇宙成因核素年代学定量约束。文中在概述原地宇宙成因核素年代学基本原理的基础上,总结了国内外有关该年代学在活动构造研究应用中的最新成果和资料,重点介绍了基于原地宇宙成因核素年代学方法获取和解释活动构造研究中相关速率的成果     

自然金的化学分离方法

作者用物理方法和化学方法相结合分离了九个矿区的自然金,效果良好,其纯度一般达99％以上。X光、化学分析和物性测试表明,化学处理对自然金的物性、化学成分和结构无明显影响。文中分别对几种矿物组合的化学分离方法作了具体介绍。     

中国铀资源特点及找矿方向

中国铀矿地质勘查工作,在50年代中期为矿山建设提供了第一批可资利用的铀矿储量;60年代中国至70年代中期,使东南地区成为最重要的铀矿资源基地;70年代中期以来,展现了中国东北部找铀矿的巨大潜力,南部也取得了好的成果。中国铀矿资源时空分布和产出的特征是:矿床分布广泛,地区间差异明显;矿床产出时代新,矿床以中小规模为主,矿石平均品位中等;矿床以围岩分类:花岗岩型、火山岩型(占总储量的61％),砂岩型(占21％),碳硅泥岩型(占13％)。借鉴西方国家70年代以来该项工怍飞速发展及重大突破的经验,为保证中国铀矿勘查工作长期稳步发展,有大的突破,必须加强西部地区的区调普查,实现找矿中心的战略转移。为此,近期我们要做好以下工作:调整队伍部署,提高技术素质;加强经济评价,做好宏观调控;加强资源评价,制定勘查规划;依靠科技进步,实现铀矿勘查工作的现代化。     

肇东陨石高压加热—熔融实验研究

在30kbar压力下进行了肇东陨石的加热-熔融实验。实验结果表明。从840℃至2050℃,陨石中的金属-硫化物相经历了熔融—两相混溶的过程,最终形成一种Fe、Ni、Co、S之比不相等的多相混合物。而陨石中的硅酸盐相经历了热变质—熔融—熔融分异的过程。初熔温度为1610℃,2050℃时熔体发生分异,有富Si、Al的硅酸盐新相分离出来。以上述结果为依据,本文对类地行星早期层圈构造的形成机制进行了探讨和推论。