长白山及邻区地壳、上地幔顶部三维速度结构

根据沿长白山布设的宽频带流动地震台站及吉林省地震台网所记录的近震P波走时数据,利用层析成像方法对长白山及邻区（39°N-45°N、122°E-130°E）深至40 km的地壳和上地幔顶部三维速度结构进行了研究。结果表明：地震的发生和分布多集中于断裂等复杂地质构造。利用较高分辨率的地壳、上地幔顶部三维速度结构证实了长白山火山区岩浆囊存在,并推测岩浆囊的位置位于火山口的西南方向,深度为10~40 km。壳内岩浆囊分布对进一步解释、认识火山灾害提供了重要的深部信息。     

祁连山冻土区含天然气水合物层段的油气显示现象

以祁连山冻土区天然气水合物钻孔DK-2孔为例,对含油气显示岩心样品进行了储集岩热解分析,结合野外观察到的含油气显示现象,讨论了油气显示性质及其对水合物的可能指示意义。野外观察到的油迹、油斑、油浸、油染等不同级别油气显示现象大多产出在细砂岩、中砂岩中,部分产出在粉砂质泥岩夹薄层碳酸盐岩接触面及裂隙中,它们均得到室内储集岩热解分析结果的证实。油气显示所指示原油性质以中质油、重质油为主,少部分为超重油,甚至为沥青。钻孔中油气显示现象与水合物密切伴生,特别是水合物产出深度段或下部常见具中质油特征的油气显示,或可作为水合物一种指示。     

Mountain effect and differences in storm floods between northern and southern sources of the Songhua River Basin

In this study, the differences in annual rainstorm changes in the Second Songhua River Basin and the Nenjiang River basin and their causes were compared from the perspective of mountain effects. The following results were drawn: (1) Altitude effect is the primary factor leading to increased rainstorms in the southern source; (2) Slope effect primarily leads to differences of the weather systems in the two sources, and thus cause the difference of the rainstorms; (3) Slope effect is responsible for the greater fluctuation in the observed floods in the southern source. These landform differences eventually lead to the differences in the characteristics of floods in the southern and northern sources. Commensurability method was used to identify the period of rainstorms in the southern and northern sources. The results showed that although rainstorms do not appear at the same time in the two sources they are characteristic of a 10 years’ period in both areas. These results can serve as hydrological references for flood control and long-term flood disaster predictions.     

Community characteristics of wild fruit forests along elevation gradients and the relationships between the wild fruit forests and environments in the Keguqin Mountain region of Iii

In this paper,the quantitative relationship between the wild fruit communities and direct environmental factors is discussed on the basis of detailed data on landscape scale habitats obtained through field vegetation investigation.The results from TWINSPAN and DCCA showed that:1) In the distribution sections of the wild fruit forest in the Keguqin Mountain region,the basic patterns characteristic of the different habitats are due to topographic factors,nutrients and moisture conditions;2) The elevation affected the most basic differentiation of plant communities in the study area,indicating that the elevation condition was the most important factor restricting the distribution of the wild fruit communities in the study area;3) The close relationship between the moisture content in the upper soil layer and the elevation reflected the influence of moisture conditions on both wild fruit and herb-layer communities;4) Nutrient differences not only indicated that the habitat conditions were different in themselves but also showed that the present nutrient conditions of the habitats were seriously affected by human activities.In summary,under complicated mountainous topographic conditions,the habitat conditions for the communities differed very significantly,and the combination of elevation,soil moisture content,total nitrogen,slope aspect,and pH value influenced and controlled the formation of community distribution patterns in the study area.     

Thinning and shrinkage of Laohugou No. 12 glacier in the Western Qilian Mountains, China, from 1957 to 2007

Landsat images, real-time kinematic GPS measurements, and topographic maps were used to determine changes in ice elevation, volume, and areal extent of the Laohugou No. 12 glacier (Qilian Mountains, China) between 1957 and 2007. The glacier experienced significant thinning and areal shrinkage in the ablation zone, but slight thickening in part of the accumulation zone. Elevation decreased by 18.6±5.4 m between 1957 and 2007 in the regions covered by the GPS measurements. The total volume loss for the entire glacier was estimated to be 0.218 km3 using a third-order polynomial fit method. The area diminished by 0.28 km2 between 1957 and 1994, 0.26 km2 between 1994 and 2000, and 0.28 km2 between 2000 and 2007, suggesting that the rate of loss in glacial coverage has increased since the mid-1990s. Significant increases in annual mean air temperature may have contributed to shrinkage and thinning of the glacier.     

腾格里沙漠沙丘固定后土壤的斥水性特征研究

土壤斥水性是重要的土壤物理属性,对土壤水文过程和地貌过程有重要的影响。利用毛细上升法研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘沙丘固定后土壤的斥水性特征,分析了不同小地形、不同土壤深度和不同土壤粒径土壤的斥水性差异。结果表明,固沙植被建立后显著地改变了沙丘的土壤斥水性,且随沙丘固定时间增加而呈增强的趋势。丘间地和迎风坡的土壤斥水性大于丘顶和背风坡的斥水性。0~3 cm土层的土壤斥水性显著大于3~6 cm。随着粒径的不断增大,土壤斥水性呈减小趋势,不同粒径段土壤斥水性差异显著;且土壤斥水性与粒径分别为0~0.05 mm、0.05~0.01 mm、0.01~0.15 mm的土壤呈极显著正相关线性关系,与粒径大于0.15 mm的土壤呈显著负相关线性关系。植被区土壤斥水性的增加可能与大气降尘在固定沙丘表面不断沉积、生物土壤结皮形成,尤其是藻类和地衣的形成有关,斥水性的增强将影响到植物种在沙丘上的有效水分利用。     

腾格里沙漠西部和西南部风能环境与风沙地貌

腾格里沙漠西部和西南部的沙漠边缘地区位于石羊河流域的下游地区,该地区生态环境脆弱,成为近年来备受关注的区域之一。利用自动气象站2009年年度风况资料和Google Earth影像,对该地区的风能环境与风沙地貌进行讨论,为评价区域风沙活动强度,风沙地貌形态特征提供依据。研究表明,腾格里沙漠西部和西南部的风况、风能环境呈自北向南逐渐变化的趋势,年平均风速西部最大,中部次之,南部最小;起沙风风向在北部以西北风和东北风为主,中部以西北风和东南风为主,而南部以西北风为主,东南风很少。研究区的北部为高风能环境,中部和南部为低风能环境。研究区的沙丘类型主要为格状沙丘,在沙漠边缘的部分地区为新月形沙丘链,南部为植被线形沙垄,其主要是由地形作用形成的,沙垄之间为新月形沙丘链。风能环境、沙源和植被共同影响沙丘的形态参数,研究区中部的风能比南部大,沙源比南部多,植被比南部少,因此,格状沙丘主梁之间的间距要比南部新月形沙垄的间距大。格状沙丘的走向近似相同,均在205°~225°之间。研究区南部有范围较大的植被线形沙垄,其间距在0.8～2.0 km之间,平均间距为1.37 km;走向为近似南北（164°～176°之间）。     

地表径流对荒漠灌丛生境土壤水分空间特征的影响

土壤水分是干旱区多尺度生态水文过程的关键影响因素和驱动因子,其时空格局是生态、水文、气象、地形等自然过程研究的重要参数。笔者研究了降水径流事件后3种不同灌丛个体尺度土壤水分空间异质性特征,结果表明,珍珠灌丛个体尺度土壤水分空间分布特征表现为灌丛边缘>灌丛内部>灌丛间裸地,驼绒藜灌丛表现为灌丛内部>灌丛边缘>灌丛间裸地,而狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛不同微生境土壤水分差异不显著。珍珠和驼绒藜灌丛同一微生境土壤水分存在坡位梯度,珍珠灌丛3个微生境土壤水分均表现为上坡位大于下坡位,而驼绒藜灌丛边缘表现为上坡位小于下坡位,其他两个微生境无明显规律;狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛土壤水分无明显的坡位梯度。3种灌丛不同微生境土壤含水量随土层深度增加的变化不明显。这说明在降水径流事件中,不同斑块的反应差异引起了地表径流的形成以及随之发生的资源再分配,从而导致了景观内土壤水分的空间异质性。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘4种灌木的生物量预测模型

灌木生物量模型是预测灌木生物量最有效的方法。选择腾格里沙漠南缘荒漠生态系统中常见的4种灌木（驼绒藜(Ceratoides latens)、盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)、珍珠猪毛菜(Salsola passerina)、红砂(Reaumuria soongarica)）为研究对象,以株高（H）和冠幅（C）的复合因子灌木体积（V）为自变量,通过回归分析,分别构建了4种灌木和混合物种的叶、新生枝、老龄枝、地上部分、地下部分和整株生物量的预测模型。通过决定系数（R2）、估计值的标准误（SEE）和回归检验显著水平（p＜0.05）筛选出了最优的生物量估测模型。结果显示:4种灌木的生物量模型主要以幂函数W=aVb为最优模型,少数以三次函数W=a+bV+cV2+dV3为最优模型。灌木生物量与V之间呈极显著的相关关系（p＜0.001）,决定系数较高,分别为:叶片（0.775＜R2＜0.866）,新生枝（0.694＜R2＜0.840）,老龄枝（0.819＜R2＜0.916）,地上部（0.832＜R2＜0.917）,地下部分（0.74＜R2＜0.808）,全株（0.811＜R2＜0.912）,说明预测模型可以应用于此4种灌木的生物量估算。不同物种之间及不同器官之间的生物量模型存在差异,在实际使用中,要根据物种来选择相应的模型。生物量模型的建立有助于全面估算荒漠生态系统的生物量,并进一步评估生态系统不同碳库的碳存储量与碳循环。为有效提高荒漠草地碳储量、合理实施生态系统管理和人为干预提供科学依据。     

一种基于MODIS积雪产品的雪线高度提取方法

冰川雪线高度的遥感提取对冰川物质平衡研究具有重要意义。提出一种基于晴空环境下积雪覆盖频率的雪线高度提取方法。使用MOD10A1积雪产品中的像元积雪面积比例数据,提取了2000/2001-2014/2015年间高亚洲地区冰川消融期末雪线高度。使用实测的冰川年物质平衡资料和气象格网数据对提取的雪线高度变化的可信度进行分析。研究表明：近15 a高亚洲雪线高度变化及趋势具有明显的东西差异,雪线高度变化幅度自青藏高原内部地区向四周呈增加趋势,西部大于东部。提取的冰川雪线高度变化与观测的年物质平衡序列具有很高的相关性,对物质平衡波动的平均解释率可高达75%;与气象要素（气温、降水）的年际变化的相关性也较高,约61.58%的格网冰川雪线高度变化可以由夏季气温和季节降水解释。而高亚洲各分区冰川雪线高度的波动规律也与大气环流背景分布一致。因此提取的雪线高度变化具有冰川学意义,可以进一步应用于冰川物质平衡估算及模拟研究中。