中国冬季极端低温事件的多尺度特征

利用1961—2010年中国487站逐日气温资料,以35°N为界分北方区域和南方区域研究中国冬季极端低温事件的多尺度变化特征。研究表明:南、北方区域极端低温站点发生率呈现出准双周的气候季节内振荡,南、北方区域冬季极端低温频数和强度的长期变化一致,均呈减小趋势,频数和强度的趋势变化分别为-0.247d/10a(北方)、-0.352d/10a(南方)和-0.332℃/10a(北方)、-0.467℃/10a(南方),南方区域减小更迅速。北方区域极端低温频数和强度的年际和年代际变化信号强度相当,南方区域则以年际变化为主。进一步研究表明,当极端低温频数的线性趋势由正值变为负值,相应的大气环流由北极涛动负位相变为正位相。对年际变化分量(8a),北方区域极端低温事件偏多时,海平面气压场表现为2波的定常波结构,西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压增强,对流层中层贝加尔湖槽加强;南方区域极端低温事件偏多时,海平面气压表现为偶极子型的1波结构,欧亚大陆和大西洋为正距平,北美大陆和太平洋为负距平,对流层中层东亚大槽加强南伸。对年代际变化分量(≥8a),大气环流形势都表现为北极涛动负位相,南方区域不显著。     

Analysis of seasonal variation of water masses in East China Sea

Seasonal variations of water masses in the East China Sea （ECS） and adjacent areas are investigated, based on historical data of temperature and salinity （T-S）. Dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms that affect seasonal variations of some dominant water masses are discussed, with reference to meteorological data. In the ECS above depth 600 m, there are eight water masses in summer but only five in winter. Among these, Kuroshio Surface Water （KSW）, Kuroshio Intermediate Water （KIW）, ECS Surface Water （ECSSW）, Continental Coastal Water （CCW）, and Yellow Sea Surface Water （YSSW） exist throughout the year. Kuroshio Subsurface Water （KSSW）, ECS Deep Water （ECSDW）, and Yellow Sea Bottom Water （YSBW） are all seasonal water masses, occurring from May through October. The CCW, ECSSW and KSW all have significant seasonal variations, both in their horizontal and vertical extents and their T-S properties. Wind stress, the Kuroshio and its branch currents, and coastal currents are dynamic factors for seasonal variation in spatial extent of the CCW, KSW, and ECSSW, whereas sea surface heat and freshwater fluxes are thermodynamic factors for seasonal variations of T-S properties and thickness of these water masses. In addition, the CCW is affected by river runoff and ECSSW by the CCW and KSW.     

夏季索马里越赤道气流垂直结构的年代际变化

基于1950—2010年美国国家环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心（NCEP/NCAR）再分析月平均资料、哈得来中心月平均海温资料,定义夏季索马里越赤道气流（简称SMJ）垂直结构指数VS₁和VS₂,分别表征索马里越赤道气流全区一致、上下反相两种分布型。接着利用合成分析、奇异值分解方法探讨夏季索马里越赤道气流垂直结构的年代际变化,寻找可能影响其变化的环流因子和海温信号,并进一步分析垂直结构与亚洲夏季风活动的年代际关系,主要结论如下：（1）两个指数在年代际尺度上的阶段性变化特征十分显著,VS₁在20世纪80年代中期发生由负转正的年代际变化;VS₂在70年代初和90年代中期分别发生由负转正、由正转负的年代际变化。（2）合成分析表明,VS₁和VS₂的年代际变化与同期大气环流联系紧密,南极涛动可能是影响VS₁年代际变化的一个重要因子。（3）印度洋海温变化可能对夏季索马里越赤道气流两类垂直结构的年代际变化起调控指示作用。VS₁的年代际变化与夏季全印度洋海温增暖的趋势是一致的,VS₂与夏季南印度洋偶极型振荡事件关系显著。（4）高VS₁年代里,印度半岛至中南半岛夏季风偏弱,纬向水汽供应减少,降水偏少,东亚夏季风亦偏弱,使得华北地区纬向和经向水汽输送均偏弱,同时水汽辐合减弱,华北地区偏旱,而在江南地区由于水汽辐合,降水偏多;反之亦然。高VS₂年代,东亚季风区内中国西南、华南地区夏季风减弱,使得经向和纬向水汽输送均偏弱,水汽供应减少,因此华南、西南地区偏旱,日本地区夏季风偏弱,西风水汽输送亦偏弱,降水亦偏少,反之亦然。     

青藏高原不同季节地表温度变化特征分析

基于欧洲中尺度气象预报中心(ECMWF)提供的ERA-Interim地表温度,利用经验正交函数(EOF)等方法,分析了青藏高原四季地表温度的时空变化特征.结果发现:青藏高原春、夏、冬季地表温度变化以整体型为主,并且大部地区地表温度呈现升高的趋势;秋季地表温度略有下降趋势,并且以东部和西部地表温度的反向型异常变化最为显著.此外还发现,青藏高原不同季节地表温度的异常变化具有一定的联系,其中整体型变化可以持续3个季节.     

Application of Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbation to Targeted Observation Studies of the Atmosphere and Ocean

This paper reviews progress in the application of conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation to targeted observation studies of the atmosphere and ocean in recent years, with a focus on the E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation （ENSO）, Kuroshio path variations, and blocking events. Through studying the optimal precursor （OPR） and optimally growing initial error （OGE） of the occurrence of the above events, the similarity and localization features of OPR and OGE spatial structures have been found for each event. Ideal hindcasting experiments have shown that, if initial errors are reduced in the areas with the largest amplitude for the OPR and OGE for ENSO and Kuroshio path variations, the forecast skill of the model for these events is significantly improved. Due to the similarity between patterns of the OPR and OGE, additional observations implemented in the same sensitive region would help to not only capture the precursors, but also reduce the initial errors in the predictions, greatly increasing the forecast abilities. The similarity and localization of the spatial structures of the OPR and OGE during the onset of blocking events have also been investigated, but their application to targeted observation requires further study.     

Spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric aerosol optical thickness in northwestern Mexico

The purpose of this paper was to study aerosol particles in the Northwestern region of Mexico (NWM) through Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) parameter in the atmosphere. This parameter represents one of the extinction coefficients of solar radiation and the rate of suspended particles in the atmosphere. For determination of AOT, we considered the use of remote sensors outside of the atmosphere. In particular, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) which can measure the atmospheric AOT thickness. Data from the MODIS sensor must be validated before they are considered reliable. For this task, we required surface measurements to obtain a correlation with the data acquired with the remote radiometer. The paper describes the validation process performed for data obtained with MODIS through measurements provided by an AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) photometer located in the city of Hermosillo, Sonora, NWM. Additionally, we carried out a temporal analysis based on the behavior of the AOT graphics and spatial analysis supported in maps with sufficient information.     

Water regime of Vrana Lake in Dalmatia (Croatia): changes,risks and problems

Abstract

Vrana Lake in Dalmatia is a karstic kryptodepression connected to the nearby sea through the karstic subsoil and a canal. Due to interactions with the sea, lake water salinity increases greatly during severe dry periods, seriously endangering the ecosystem. Trend analysis (1961–2010) reveals a decrease in precipitation and surface inflow, but an increase in air temperature, and in sea and lake water levels. Lake inflow and water losses are only partially monitored. Average annual inflow from the monitored part of the catchment is 1722 m³ s^-1, but total inflow is significantly greater; the average difference between total inflow and cumulative water losses is 3072 m³ s^-1. The paper uses modelling to evaluate total inflow into the lake system, taking into consideration projected climate changes/variations till 2100 from the RegCM3 and ALADIN climate models. The analysis indicates marked decrease in discharge values by the end of this century, by as much as 60%.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz     

1981–2010年中国散射光合有效辐射的估算及时空特征(英文)

Photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) is the energy source of plant photosynthesis, and the diffuse component can enhance canopy light use efficiency, thereby increasing the carbon uptake. Therefore, diffuse PAR is an important driving factor of ecosystem productivity models. In this study, we estimated the diffuse PAR of over 700 meteorological sites in China from 1981 to 2010 using an empirical model based on observational data from Chinese Ecosystem Research Network(CERN) and China Meteorology Administration. Then we derived the spatial data set of 10 km monthly diffuse PAR using ANUSPLIN software, and analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of diffuse PAR through GIS and trend analysis techniques. The results showed that:(1) The spatial patterns of annual average diffuse PAR during 1981–2010 are heterogeneous across China, lower in the northeast and higher in the west and south. The nationwide average value for 30 years ranges from 6.66 mol m-2 d-1 to 15.27 mol m-2 d-1, and the value in summer is the biggest while the value in winter is the smallest.(2) There is an evident increasing trend of annual diffuse PAR during recent 30 years, with the increasing amplitude at 0.03 mol m-2 d-1/10a. But a significant declining trend is shown in the first 10 years, and obvious anomalies can be seen in 1982, 1983, 1991 and 1992. And there is a downtrend in spring and an uptrend in all the other seasons.(3) The spatial distribution of temporal variation rates of diffuse PAR is inhomogeneous across the country, generally decreasing in the north and increasing in the south.     

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Temporal variations in carbon stock of Pinus roxburghii Sargent forests of Himachal Pradesh,India

The present study was conducted in Solan Forest Division of Himachal Pradesh covering an area of about 57,158 ha. The aim was to estimate and assess the temporal change in carbon stock of the Chil Working Circle, in two forest ranges of the Division, Solan and Dharampur, over the period of 1956-2011. The inventory data of the working plans of Solan Forest Division from 1956-1957, 1984-1985 and 2002- 2003 were used in the present study while field data for biomass estimation was collected for the year 2011. The results showed a declining trend in carbon stock over 1956-1984 period, however, an increasing trend over 1984-2002 was observed, which showed a further increase for the period 2002-2011. These fluctuating trends in the forest carbon stock can be related to increasing anthropogenic pressure on forests and the subsequent introduction of a ban on green felling envisaging efficient forest management, both of which affect the forest carbon pool significantly.