博格达峰地区冰川和积雪变化遥感监测及影响因素分析

20世纪以来,随着全球气候变暖加剧,冰川和积雪普遍退缩,严重影响到人类的生存和社会经济的可持续发展,这一问题在我国西北干旱区的博格达峰地区及其周边地区尤为突出。以博格达峰地区为例,利用1990—2016年Landsat 5与Landsat 8遥感影像,对比分析归一化积雪指数（NDSI）、归一化冰雪指数（NDSII）、归一化主成分雪指数（NDPCSI）和缨帽转换湿度指数（WET）在博格达峰地区监测冰川和积雪的能力,同时结合研究区周边气温、降水数据和研究区地形数据,探讨博格达峰地区冰川和积雪面积变化与区域地形、气候间的响应关系。结果表明：（1） WET相对于NDSII、NDSI和NDPCSI精度值更高,可以替代NDSI、NDSII监测博格达峰地区冰川和积雪面积。（2） 博格达峰地区冰川和积雪面积呈持续退缩的趋势。1990—2016年,冰川和积雪面积减少率约20.07%,且年退缩率不断增加。（3） 高程、坡度和坡向对冰川和积雪面积变化的影响较显著,山地阴影对其影响较弱,气温的升高是冰雪面积减少的主要因素。     

2018年南黄海浒苔绿潮迁移发展规律与营养盐相互关系探究

根据2018年4月(春季,绿潮前期)和7月(夏季,绿潮后期) 南黄海营养盐、温度、盐度等水文参数及每日绿潮卫星监测数据,深入分析2018年绿潮的发展规律与营养盐结构特征之间的关系。结果表明：4月25在江苏南通外海首次发现浒苔绿潮,8月中旬在山东半岛近海消亡,其发展区域集中在122°E以西近海,且快速增殖阶段处在35°N以南江苏近海。各组分的营养盐浓度受沿岸径流、冷水团及生物作用等因素影响,均呈现江苏近海高外海以及北部低的特征。对比绿潮发展和营养盐分布呈现3个明显的绿潮−营养盐特征区域：高营养盐−绿潮快速发展区域(35°N以南,122°E 以西,江苏近海);低营养盐−绿潮消亡区域(35°N以北,122°E 以西,山东半岛外海域)及122°E以东外海无绿潮区域。不同特征区营养盐变化表明,江苏近岸较高的营养盐含量(${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N>6.5 μmol/L, ${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P>0.27 μmol/L)和丰富来源是浒苔萌发和绿潮快速发展的重要物质基础,为绿潮发展提供了主要的氮、磷生源要素。北部山东半岛南外海较低的营养盐水平(7月,DIN<2 μmol/L, ${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P<0.03 μmol/L)是限制绿潮继续发展的重要因素。     

基于水化学和同位素评价马莲河下游地下水补给河水的时空变化

准确评价地下水对河水的补给量是流域水资源量管理和合理利用的基础。在马莲河流域下游采集不同季节地表水和地下水样品75组,利用Cl^-、电导率（EC）和D、¹⁸O同位素多方法联合评价,识别了地下水补给河水的位置、补给量及其季节变化。结果表明：马莲河水EC和Cl^-质量浓度沿着流向均呈降低趋势,δD和δ¹⁸O值沿流向减小。雨季EC和Cl^-质量浓度最低,δD和δ¹⁸O值最高。地下水各组分浓度均低于河水,时空变化不明显。地下水单宽排泄量存在时空变异,上段和下段为地下水强排泄区,中段地下水排泄较弱,不同季节地下水排泄量占总排泄量的72.20%～95.07%。雨季地下水单宽排泄量显著降低,河水中基流比例由雨季前期的68.89%降至29.43%。整体上,地下水补给河水季节变化明显,而空间变化规律较为稳定。研究成果有利于深入认识河水和地下水的相互作用机制,并为当地水资源利用提供基础依据。     

祁连山北麓中段青海云杉林土壤水热时空变化特征

以祁连山北麓中段青海云杉林为研究对象,利用5套土壤温湿度自动监测系统对海拔2 500~3 300 m的青海云杉连续监测3 a,旨在探讨青海云杉林土壤水热的变化特征及土壤水热间的互作效应。结果表明：（1）7：00~19：00,土壤温度整体上呈升高趋势,8：00土壤均温最低,为1.03 ℃,18：00土壤均温最高,为1.32 ℃;土壤湿度的变化幅度较小,且差异不显著（P>0.05）。（2）冷期（1~4月、11~12月）、暖期（5~10月）,各占全年的50%;8月前随月份增大土壤温湿度增大,月份增大1月,土壤均温增大2.21 ℃,湿度增大0.021 m³·m^-3,8月后随月份增大逐渐减小,月份增大1月,土壤均温减小3.12 ℃,湿度减小0.017 m³·m^-3。（3）土壤温度与海拔之间有负相关关系（R²=0.81,P<0.05）;土壤湿度与海拔之间存在二项式相关关系（R²=0.95,P <0.05）。（4）土壤温度与土层深度间呈负相关关系（P <0.05）,而土壤湿度与土层深度呈线性正相关关系（P <0.05）,土层每增加一层,土壤均温减小0.142 ℃,度约增加0.009 m³·m^-3。（5）青海云杉林土壤温度和湿度间呈显著线性负相关关系（P <0.05）。     

A novel approach to optimize hierarchical vegetation mapping from hyper-temporal NDVI imagery,demonstrated at national level for Namibia

This paper presents a novel methodological approach to countrywide vegetation mapping. We used green vegetation biomass over the year as captured by coarse resolution hyper-temporal NDVI satellite-imagery, to generate vegetation mapping units at the biome, ecoregion and at the next lower hierarchical level for Namibia, excluding the Zambezi Region. Our method was based on a time series of 15 years of SPOT-VGT-MVC images each representing a specific 10-day period (dekad). The ISODATA unsupervised clustering technique was used to separately create 2–100 NDVI-cluster maps. The optimal number of temporal NDVI-clusters to represent the information on vegetation contained in the imagery was established by divergence separability statistics of all generated NDVI-clusters. The selected map consisted of legend of 81 cluster-specific temporal NDVI-profiles covering each a 15-year period of averaged NDVI data representing all pixels classified to that cluster. Then, by legend-entry using the dekad-medians of all 15 annual repeats, we produced generalized legend-entries without year-specific anomalies for each cluster. Subsequently, a hierarchical cluster analysis of these temporal NDVI-profiles was used to produce a dendrogram that generated grouping options for the 81 legend-entries. Maps with cluster-groups of 8 and 4 legend-entries resulted. The 81-cluster map and its 65 legend-entries vector version have no equivalent in published vegetation maps. The 8 cluster-group map broadly corresponds with published ecoregion level maps and the 4 cluster-group map with the published biome maps in their number of legend units. The published vegetation maps varied considerably from our NDVI-profile maps in the location of mapping unit boundaries. The agreement index between our map and published biome maps ranges from 70−93. For the ecoregion level, the agreement index is much lower, namely 51−75. Our methodological approach showed a considerably higher discretionary power for hierarchical levels and the number of vegetation mapping units than the approaches applied to previously published maps. We recommended an approach to transform our three hyper-temporal NDVI-profiles based legend-entries into more specific vegetation units. This might be accomplished by re-analysis of available, spatially-comprehensive plant species occurrence data.     

A network distance and graph-partitioning-based clustering method for improving the accuracy of urban hotspot detection

Clustering is an important approach to identifying hotspots with broad applications, ranging from crime area analysis to transport prediction and urban planning. As an on-demand transport service, taxis play an important role in urban systems, and the pick-up and drop-off locations in taxi GPS trajectory data have been widely used to detect urban hotspots for various purposes. In this work, taxi drop-off events are represented as linear features in the context of the road network space. Based on such representation, instead of the most frequently used Euclidian distance, Jaccard distance is calculated to measure the similarity of road segments for cluster analysis, and further, a network distance and graph-partitioning-based clustering method is proposed for improving the accuracy of urban hotspot detection. A case study is conducted using taxi trajectory data collected from over 6500 taxis during one week, and the results indicate that the proposed method can identify urban hotspots more precisely.     

联合卫星测高、GRACE与温盐数据分析红海海平面变化季节性特征

本文利用卫星测高、GRACE与温盐数据监测2003-2014年红海海平面变化,并分析了蒸发降水以及亚丁湾-红海质量交换对红海质量变化的影响。红海地区单一的温盐数据存在覆盖不全或质量不佳的问题,综合CORA、SODA与ORAS4温盐数据估算结果得到平均比容海平面变化,以改善比容信号的精度。针对GRACE数据处理过程中截断与空间平滑滤波引起的泄漏误差,提出改进尺度因子纠正泄漏误差,利用卫星测高数据进行模拟实验验证了改进尺度因子的有效性。利用传统尺度因子和改进尺度因子反演的红海质量变化周年振幅分别为16.1±1.3 cm和20.5±1.7 cm,利用卫星测高和温盐数据估算的质量变化周年振幅为20.2±1.0 cm,表明改进尺度因子可有效减小泄漏误差的影响,改善GRACE模型反演红海质量变化的精度。卫星测高、GRACE卫星重力数据以及平均温盐数据具有较好的一致性,联合GRACE和温盐数据估算的红海综合海平面变化周年振幅为16.6±1.7 cm,与卫星测高估算的总海平面变化周年振幅(16.2±0.9 cm)基本一致,表明多源数据可构成完整的红海海平面监测手段。相比于降水-蒸发作用,红海质量变化受红海与亚丁湾的海水质量交换的影响更为显著,其主导了红海质量的季节性变化。     

Influences of diel and tidal cycles on fish assemblage in eelgrass (Zostera marina) bed of southern Korea during autumn

Short-term tidal and diel variations of autumn fish assemblage in a Zostera marina bed were investigated using 3 h interval samplings for 24 h in both spring and neap tide using a small beam trawl. A total of 1 346 fishes belonging to 19 species were collected at spring tide, whereas 1 115 fishes belonging to 17 species were at neap tide. The common fish species were Nuchequula nuchalis, Acanthogobius flavimanus, Takifugu niphobles, Acentrogobius pflaumii, and Pholis nebulosa with the former three species dominating at spring tide, while the latter two species being abundant at neap tide. Diel variation in abundance was significant with higher abundance at night than day, but there were no significant differences between spring and neap tides, and between ebb and flood tides (three-way ANOVAs). Diel variation in the abundance of fishes may be influenced by tidal range and cycle, and day-night differences of food availability and behaviors of fishes indirectly. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) ordination and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) results revealed significant differences in species compositions both between day and night, and between spring and neap tide. Eelgrass beds are highly productive marine ecosystem, and thus, our results will contribute to conservation of seagrass ecosystem in the study area.     

基于广义可加模型探讨大亚湾初级生产力月变化及其与环境因子的关系

In this study, the horizontal and vertical distribution of primary production(PP) and its monthly variations were described based on field data collected from the Daya Bay in January–December of 2016. The relationships between PP and environmental factors were analyzed using a general additive model(GAM). Significant seasonal differences were observed in the horizontal distribution of PP, while vertical distribution showed a relatively consistent unimodal pattern. The monthly average PP(calculated by carbon) ranged from 48.03 to 390.56 mg/(m~2·h),with an annual average of 182.77 mg/(m~2·h). The highest PP was observed in May and the lowest in November.Additionally, the overall trend in PP was springsummerwinterautumn, and spring PP was approximately three times that of autumn PP. GAM analysis revealed that temperature, bottom salinity, phytoplankton, and photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) had no significant relationships with PP, while longitude, depth, surface salinity, chlorophyll a(Chl a) and transparency were significantly correlated with PP. Overall, the results presented herein indicate that monsoonal changes and terrestrial and offshore water systems have crucial effects on environmental factors that are associated with PP changes.     

北冰洋冰下环境噪声：长期冰站观测结果

本文利用中国第9次北极科学考察长期冰站自容水听器记录的数据对北冰洋冰下环境噪声进行了研究。通过对两段7秒长的冰层引起的噪声的时频分析表明：无论是冰层碰撞噪声还是冰层破裂噪声在时域都存在大量的峰值点（呈现脉冲特性）,在频域都存在丰富的频率分量。冰层碰撞噪声可以持续数秒,而冰层破裂噪声的持续时间要短得多（小于几十毫秒）。本文采用高斯分布和对称alpha稳态分布来拟合冰下脉冲噪声。对称alpha稳态分布可以跟踪脉冲噪声的重尾,从而获得更好的性能,而高斯分布则效果不佳。本文还分析了冰下环境噪声观测试验期间采集到的气象参数,推断出冰下脉冲噪声是由较高的风速和升高的大气温度共同作用于冰层造成的。本文还研究了冰下环境噪声长期的功率谱密度变化与气象参数之间的皮尔逊相关系数。