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71.
Although major crustal lineaments may play an important role in mineralisation, the relationship between lineaments and mineral deposits can be quite cryptic, and structural controls may vary as a function of scale along lineaments. Major lineaments alone may be of limited use for detailed target generation. The Cloncurry Lineament in the Eastern part of the Mount Isa Inlier is a crustal scale structure defined by potential field-derived ‘worms’. Weights-of-evidence quantifies the association between mineral occurrences and this lineament. Autocorrelation is used to recognise structural controls on mineralisation at different scales, by progressively limiting the lengths of the vectors between mineral occurrence points in the autocorrelation plot. The weights-of-evidence analysis shows that Au, Au–Cu, Cu–Au and Cu deposits have a positive spatial correlation to the Cloncurry Lineament, which suggests it that acted as a primary crustal scale control on the localisation of Cu and Au through focussing mineralisation systems on a broad scale. However, autocorrelation defines a variety of local structural controls, which can be interpreted as shear zones, variably oriented fault sets, en echelon fault arrays, and potentially the orientation of bedding and/or iron formations which localise fluid flow and mineral deposition at finer scales. The results suggest that major lineaments defined by geophysical contrasts can be used in conjunction with techniques of spatial analysis for targeting structurally controlled mineralisation in areas under thin cover adjacent to mineralised terrains such as the Mt Isa Inlier. 相似文献
72.
73.
胶东西北部是我国重要的金矿聚集区,矿床类型以石英脉型和破碎带蚀变岩型为主。发育在三山岛–仓上断裂内部的三山岛金矿床是胶东西北部蚀变岩型金矿的典型代表。最新的勘探结果显示,三山岛金矿在大于2 km的垂深处仍有很好的金矿化,而且三山岛金矿的一个显著特点是主矿体均发育在断裂内部的断层泥之下,断裂的形成和演化对金矿床的形成及矿体的空间分布具有重要的控制作用。作者通过不同尺度的构造分析后发现,在三山岛金矿床形成过程中,区域构造应力场的状态发生过明显的转变,由成矿前的右行张扭,转变为成矿初期的NNW-SSE向挤压左行剪切应力场,三山岛主断裂也在成矿期发生左行挤压逆冲活动,主断裂封闭,主断裂内的断层泥逐渐形成,封堵成矿热液于断层泥之下,形成三山岛矿区大规模的破碎带蚀变岩型矿化。 相似文献
74.
Julien Feneyrol Gaston Giuliani Daniel Ohnenstetter Elisabeth Le Goff Elias P.J. Malisa Mark Saul Eric Saul John Saul Vincent Pardieu 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2010,342(10):778-785
The first study of the Lemshuku ‘tsavorite’ mining district is presented. From bottom to top, the lithostratigraphic column corresponds to a metasedimentary sequence composed of quartzite, fine-grained graphitic gneiss, kyanite-graphite gneiss, biotite-almandine gneiss, metasomatized graphitic gneiss and dolomitic marble. ‘Tsavorite’ occurs in quartz veins and rarely as nodular concretions. Two factors control mineralization: (1) lithostratigraphy, with ‘tsavorite’ in association with pyrite and graphite confined to quartz veins within the metasomatized graphitic gneiss; and (2) structure, with the mineralized veins characteristically controlled by tight isoclinal folds associated with shearing. 相似文献
75.
Studies of Quaternary extensional faults indicate that they have instantaneous amounts of throw (0·4 to 4 m), average slip rates (0·05 to 2·8 m kyr−1 ) and frequency of recurrence (<40 000 years) accounting for the accommodation space required for the accumulation of peritidal carbonate parasequences (PCPs). Hangingwall sites and graben are characterized by fault down-dropping together with regional subsidence, and footwall sites and horsts by fault-related uplift alternating with periods of regional subsidence. The relative sea-level curves generated by these processes operating in a maritime rift setting are used as inputs to a forward stratigraphic modelling program SedTec2000 to simulate how fault-related changes in accommodation space can account for high-frequency PCP formation. Each instantaneous fault slip generates a flooding surface or aggradation in hangingwall and graben settings. High-frequency cycles in hangingwall sites are either symmetric (deepening then shallowing upward) or asymmetric (shallowing-upward). The major factor controlling cycle types is the balance between rates of carbonate accumulation and generation of accomodation space. High-frequency cycles in footwall sites and horsts comprise shallow subtidal facies, with no distinctive bathymetric trends, capped by erosional boundaries generated by footwall uplift. The modelled cycles are of the same thickness, with bathymetric trends and frequency to cycles commonly interpreted to be due to orbitally driven eustatic sea-level changes or autocyclic processes. These numerical experiments demonstrate that high-frequency PCPs can be generated by tectonic, fault-related processes, a hypothesis that is frequently discounted. 相似文献
76.
Landslides are self-organizing and self-referenced systems. The conditions which lead to their emergence along Himalayan highways are not the same as those which govern their subsequent evolution. Landslides originate at sites which differ from average conditions by having significantly higher, steeper roadcuts, carved into steeper hillsides, with more finely bedded but less steeply dipping rocks, and fewer trees upslope. These variables do not correlate with measures of landslide size. Landslide morphometric variables correlate with other landslide variables and with few external factors. The system exhibits independence (autopoiesis) from its environment. Additionally, landslides dominated by rock-mechanical processes tend to produce lower angle outfalls from higher, north-facing, roadcuts than those dominated by soil-mechanical processes which are associated with greater depths of below-soil regolith. However, the outfall volumes produced by the landslides of different type are similar. These findings are generated from statistical (correlation/T-test/stepwise discriminant) analyses of data produced by a field survey of average environmental conditions, and the morphometry and environmental contexts of 88 landslides, on 7.6 km of the Almora Bypass. 相似文献
77.
The Semna gold deposit is one of several vein-type gold occurrences in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt, where gold-bearing quartz veins are confined to shear zones close to the boundaries of small granitoid stocks. The Semna gold deposit is related to a series of sub-parallel quartz veins along steeply dipping WNW-trending shear zones, which cut through tectonized metagabbro and granodiorite rocks. The orebodies exhibit a complex structure of massive and brecciated quartz consistent with a change of the paleostress field from tensional to simple shear regimes along the pre-existing fault segments. Textural, structural and mineralogical evidence, including open space structures, quartz stockwork and alteration assemblages, constrain on vein development during an active fault system. The ore mineral assemblage includes pyrite, chalcopyrite, subordinate arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite and gold. Hydrothermal chlorite, carbonate, pyrite, chalcopyrite and kaolinite are dominant in the altered metaggabro; whereas, quartz, sericite, pyrite, kaolinite and alunite characterize the granodiorite rocks in the alteration zones. Mixtures of alunite, vuggy silica and disseminated sulfides occupy the interstitial open spaces, common at fracture intersections. Partial recrystallization has rendered the brecciation and open space textures suggesting that the auriferous quartz veins were formed at moderately shallow depths in the transition zone between mesothermal and epithermal veins.Petrographic and microthermometric studies aided recognition of CO2-rich, H2O-rich and mixed H2O–CO2 fluid inclusions in the gold-bearing quartz veins. The H2O–CO2 inclusions are dominant over the other two types and are characterized by variable vapor: liquid ratios. These inclusions are interpreted as products of partial mixing of two immiscible carbonic and aqueous fluids. The generally light δ34S of pyrite and chalcopyrite may suggest a magmatic source of sulfur. Spread in the final homogenization temperatures and bulk inclusion densities are likely due to trapping under pressure fluctuation through repeated fracture opening and sealing. Conditions of gold deposition are estimated on basis of the fluid inclusions and sulfur isotope data as 226–267 °C and 350–1100 bar, under conditions transitional between mesothermal and epithermal systems.The Semna gold deposit can be attributed to interplay of protracted volcanic activity (Dokhan Volcanics?), fluid mixing, wallrock sulfidation and a structural setting favoring gold deposition. Gold was transported as Au-bisulfide complexes under weak acid conditions concomitant with quartz–sericite–pyrite alteration, and precipitated through a decrease in gold solubility due to fluid cooling, mixing with meteoric waters and variations in pH and fO2. 相似文献
78.
Inter‐decadal periods of high and low flood activity have been considered to be the dominant factor driving river metamorphosis in catchments along the New South Wales coast. Recent work has questioned the data analysis techniques used in delineating the so‐called flood‐and drought‐dominated regimes (FDRs/DDRs). Concerns have also been raised about the validity of invoking a climatic control for river metamorphosis documented during the post‐European period, when extensive anthropogenic alteration of catchment and riparian vegetation has also occurred. This paper reviews the evolution of the FDR/DDR concept. We examine the evidence for FDRs/DDRs, and highlight problems with the original hydrological data sets, as well as with the techniques employed in the time‐series analysis. We discuss conceptual problems encountered in applying flood‐frequency analysis, and the failure of the proponents of the FDR/DDR theory to consider large‐scale climatic circulation patterns and the geographical boundaries of their influence. We conclude that the validity of the FDR/DDR notion has been seriously over‐stated, and that managing rivers on the basis that FDRs/DDRs have occurred in the past, and will continue to occur in the future, is likely to be ineffective. 相似文献
79.
Kevin H. Johannesson W. Berry Lyons Klaus J. Stetzenbach Robert H. Byrne 《Aquatic Geochemistry》1995,1(2):157-173
Rare earth element (REE) concentrations in alkaline lakes, circumneutral pH groundwaters, and an acidic freshwater lake were determined along with the free carbonate, free phosphate, and free sulfate ion concentrations. These parameters were used to evaluate the saturation state of these waters with respect to REE phosphate and carbonate precipitates. Our activity product estimates indicate that the alkaline lake waters and groundwaters are approximately saturated with respect to the REE phosphate precipitates but are significantly undersaturated with respect to REE carbonate and sulfate precipitates. On the other hand, the acidic lake waters are undersaturated with respect to REE sulfate, carbonate, and phosphate precipitates. Although carbonate complexes tend to dominate the speciation of the REEs in neutral and alkaline waters, our results indicate that REE phosphate precipitates are also important in controlling REE behavior. More specifically, elevated carbonate ion concentrations in neutral to alkaline natural waters tend to enhance dissolved REE concentrations through the formation of stable REE-carbonate complexes whereas phosphate ions tend to lead to the removal of the REEs from solution in these waters by the formation of REE-phosphate salts. Removal of REEs by precipitation as phosphate phases in the acid lake (pH=3.6) is inconsequential, however, due to extremely low [PO
4
3–
]
F
concentrations (i.e., 10–23 mol/kg). 相似文献
80.
The Falkland Islands has successfully met many challenges in the management and development of its fisheries resources over the last 20 years. To meet a new set of challenges the current licensing system based on the allocation of non-transferable, variable duration licences to individual vessels is being replaced by a system of long-term individual transferable rights owned by Falkland Islanders. The anticipated gains are enhanced economic performance of the sector because fishing businesses have increased security and flexibility, rapid diversification from harvesting into value-added activities and increased international competitiveness as poorly performing companies sell rights to well performing companies. Implementing a rights-based regime in a small coastal state is challenging. Thin markets for rights, a desire to maintain local control of fishing rights, and a dependence on foreign direct investment in the fisheries sector are key considerations in the design of an effective and efficient management regime. Starting operation in 2006/07, the new rights-based management system provides a model for small coastal states or small industrial fisheries that previously had considered rights-based systems too complex to implement and administer, despite the inherent advantages of rights-based management. 相似文献