An Analysis of Tectonic Geomorphologic Characteristics of the Beipanjiang Basin in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, located on the southeast boundary of the Tibet Plateau, is the second geomorphologic step in China continent. The large area tilting tectonic deformation occurred in this plateau with the uplift of the Tibet plateau since the Cenozoic. The Beipanjiang River rises in eastern Yunnan Province and southeastward across the slope zone from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the Guangxi Plain, and goes into the Hongshui River by the Wangmo in Guizhou Province. Due to the southeastward extrusion by the Tibetan Plateau, deep incised-valleys formed in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, which have the characteristics of developed fault, complicated geological structure and rugged terrain. The Cenozoic evolution history of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the response to the uplifting of Tibet Plateau are unclear because of the lack of sedimentation records, and also this has long been a bottleneck to geomorphologic evolution research. Based on DEM data and GIS software, we extracted the geomorphic indexes which included hypsometric integral [HI], drainage basin asymmetry [AF], stream-length gradient index [SL], and valley floor width-to-height ratio [VF]. The results show that four geomorphic indexes can reflect the regional tectonic movement and topographical features. The geomorphology of Beipanjiang Basin is controlled by tectonic action mainly, especially the Yadu-Ziyun Fracture has great impact on the formation of valleys and the development of water system greatly.     

LA-ICP MS Zircon U-Pb Dating of Metasedimentary Rocks in Dabie Orogenic Belt and Its Tectonic Implications

Low-grade metamorphic rocks concentrated in the Beihuaiyang unit and were sporadically in other units of the Dabie orogenic belt, whose coexistence with other rocks in the orogenic belt can provide evidence for the evolution of the Dabie orogenic belt. A small number of metasedimentary rocks crop out in the Shenqiao area, northeast of the North Dabie unit. In order to obtain the forming age and provenance of the low-grade metamorphic rocks and their relationship with the rocks in the North Dabie unit, detailed field observations, systematic microscopic identification and detrital zircon LA-ICP MS U-Pb dating were presented for metasedimentary rocks in the Shenqiao area. The results show that metasedimentary rocks in the Shenqiao area have similar petrological characteristics as low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Zhufoan Formation in the Foziling Group. The minimum age of detrital zircon is 431 Ma, which is also similar as the Foziling Group. All these reveal that these low-grade metamorphic rocks in the Shenqiao area may be a part of the Foziling Group. Detailed observations on thin-sections show that quartz are characterized by Subgrain Rotation (SGR) recrystallization and biotite has obvious growth rims, which indicates that the metasedimentary rocks experience an epidote-amphibolite facies metamorphic and deformation event. The rhythmic layers on the outcrop existed before experiencing low-grade metamorphism, during which the argillaceous layer in the protolith transferred to the darker layered biotite and the sandy layer to lighter and recrystallized quartz.     

Cretaceous A-type volcanic–intrusive rocks and simultaneous mafic rocks along the Gan-Hang Tectonic Belt,Southeast China: petrogenesis and implications for the transition of crust–mantle interaction

ABSTRACT

Abundant evidence points to the Cretaceous crust–mantle interaction and plate subduction in the Gan-Hang Tectonic Belt (GHTB), southeastern China, but the evolutionary process remains poorly constrained. Here we conduct a comprehensive study on Daqiaowu granitic porphyry and diabase dikes in the eastern GHTB, in conjunction with previous studies on simultaneous felsic and mafic rocks along the GHTB, to demonstrate their petrogenesis and geodynamic evolutionary process. The Daqiaowu granitic porphyry (125 Ma), as well as the coeval granitic rocks, exhibits high zircon saturation temperatures, alkalis, 10⁴*Ga/Al ratios, and Zr + Nb + Ce + Y contents, concluding a distinctive belt of the Early Cretaceous (~137–125 Ma) A-type volcanic–intrusive rocks in the GHTB. Their ε_Nd(t) and zircon ε_Hf(t) values gradually increased through time from approximately ?9.0 to ?1.0 and ?10.0 to +4.0, respectively, implying increasing contribution of mantle-derived components to their formation, and hence progressively intensified crust–mantle interaction in an intra-arc rift environment (a geodynamic transition stage from continental arc to back-arc) during the Early Cretaceous. This plausibility is further supported by the Early Cretaceous Daqiaowu diabase dikes and coeval mafic rocks which exhibit arc-like magmatic signatures and were derived from mantle wedge. In contrast, the Late Cretaceous mafic rocks show ocean island basalt-like geochemical characteristics, reflecting a depleted asthenosphere mantle source. This discrepancy of mantle sources concludes that the geodynamic setting in the GHTB may have basically transferred to back-arc regime in the Late Cretaceous. Thus, the Cretaceous geodynamic evolutionary process in the GHTB can be defined as the Early Cretaceous gradually intensified crust–mantle interaction in a geodynamic transition stage (from continental arc to back-arc extension) and the Late Cretaceous back-arc extensional setting.     

秦-祁构造结合部位陇山岩群中碎屑锆石年代学研究及其地质意义

秦-祁构造结合部位以新阳-元龙大型剪切带为界,北侧的北祁连造山带和南侧的西秦岭造山带的构造线呈斜截关系,致使两侧岩石单元的对比存在困难。陇山岩群位于秦-祁结合部位的北祁连构造单元东端,是一套岩性复杂的中深程度变质杂岩,其形成年代和构造属性一直存在较大的争论。本文重点以陇山岩群中黑云母石英片岩为研究对象,对其中的碎屑锆石进行LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年。其测年结果明显分为4组,两个主要区间为1 097～795 Ma （49%,峰期年龄约为929 Ma）和2 713～2 265 Ma （21.5%,峰期年龄约为2 435 Ma）,另有两个次级年龄组为575～471 Ma （12%,峰期年龄约为541 Ma）与1 864～1 539 Ma （14%,峰期年龄约为1 717 Ma）。通过最小岩浆峰期年龄和陇山岩群内侵入体的最老年龄初步限定其形成时代介于寒武纪早期-早-中奥陶世（539～454 Ma）,与已报道的晚太古代-早元古代陇山岩群TTG片麻岩形成于不同时代,不属于华北板块南缘基底的沉积岩系。通过与周边构造单元年龄特征峰值的对比研究发现,其新太古代-古元古代（2 713～2 265 Ma）和中元古代（1 864～1 539 Ma）的碎屑物质主要来自华北板块南缘基底,新元古代（1 097～7 95 Ma）的碎屑物质主要来自于北秦岭造山带和中祁连陆块,早古生代（575～471 Ma）的碎屑物质来自于天水-武山构造带,与该洋盆形成过程有关。因此,陇山岩群中黑云母石英片岩的碎屑物源既包括北侧的华北板块南缘基底,又包括南侧的秦岭-祁连造山带,可能形成于早古生代红土堡弧后盆地的形成扩展阶段,与北秦岭东段宽坪岩群副变质岩和二郎坪岩群变沉积岩形成构造环境相似。     

准噶尔盆地南缘小渠子背斜T/P 同构造不整合几何学、运动学特征及地质意义

为探讨准噶尔盆地南缘二叠纪-三叠纪盆地构造性质及构造演化过程,笔者对盆地南缘小渠子背斜保存较完整的T/P 不整合进行了几何学、运动学和沉积韵律旋回特征的分析。T/P 不整合具有同构造不整合的特点,表现为不整合之下削蚀、之上超覆,是由于盆地南缘经历晚二叠世-早三叠世区域性挤压作用造成的。通过对小渠子地区深层地质结构的分析,认为晚二叠世-早三叠世的构造演化过程与早石炭世伸展断陷的反转密切相关。     

兴蒙陆内造山带

本文提出了"兴蒙陆内造山带"的新概念(Xing-Meng Intracontinent Orogenic Belt,XMIOB),从大地构造、沉积建造、岩浆作用和变质作用等方面论述了XMIOB从晚古生代到中生代初的陆内伸展及陆内造山过程,为探讨晚古生代构造演化提供了新模式。根据对内蒙古中西部晚古生代构造格局的总体认识,可将XMIOB划分为五个构造单元即:早石炭世二连-贺根山裂谷带、晚石炭世陆表海盆地、早二叠世艾力格庙-二连伸展构造带、早-中二叠世盆岭构造带和晚二叠世索伦山-乌兰沟伸展构造带。晚石炭世末-二叠纪在兴蒙造山带基底上发育三期伸展构造:第一期见于内蒙古北部二连-艾力格庙地区,形成陆内裂谷盆地及其盆缘三角洲沉积,发育时代为302～298Ma;第二期在内蒙古中西部广泛分布,以隆起与凹陷相间分布的盆岭构造为特征,发育时代为290～260Ma;第三期见于内蒙古南部索伦山到温都尔庙乌兰沟一带,形成主动裂谷背景下的红海型小洋盆,发育时代为260～250Ma。晚古生代与伸展过程有关的岩浆活动可分四期:1)早石炭世贺根山期:以蛇绿岩为主,发育于具有前寒武纪古老基底和早古生代造山带年轻基底的陆壳伸展区; 2)晚石炭世达青牧场期:主要沿北造山带分布,以基性和酸性岩浆构成的双峰式侵火成岩为特征; 3)早二叠世大石寨期:形成的岩石种类多样,分布广泛,包括双峰式火山岩、双峰式侵入岩和碱性岩; 4)二叠纪末-三叠纪初索伦山期:形成陆缘型蛇绿岩或基性岩-超基性岩组合,产生于软流圈上涌造成的主动裂谷背景。兴蒙陆内造山带的构造变形可分为两期,第一期为晚古生代地层大范围褶皱变形,造成盆-岭构造带的缩短;第二期为沿盆-岭构造的边界强烈剪切变形,产生向东逃逸的挤出构造,其构造背景是北部蒙古-鄂霍茨克造山带和南部大别-秦岭中央造山带的远距离效应引起的被动闭合作用。兴蒙陆内造山带的变质作用分为两个阶段,早期变质作用主要表现为石炭纪期间与陆内伸展有关的低压高温变质,晚期为二叠纪末到三叠纪初区域大面积的低压绿片岩相变质以及沿构造边界的局部中-低压型低温变质。     

高喜马拉雅晚新生代富铁火山岩的发现及其构造意义

本文首次报道了在藏南高喜马拉雅变质带新发现的一种特殊的晚新生代超基性富铁火山岩,主要由铁橄榄石、氧化铁、及富钾玻璃基质组成,铁橄榄石中含有少量自形铁尖晶石,玻璃基质中含有少量铁石榴石雏晶。岩石具玻基斑状结构,气孔构造发育,具有典型鬣刺构造。全岩成分具有强烈硅不饱和(全岩SiO_2含量为18.8%~29.7%)和极端富铁(全岩Fe2OT3含量为56.2%~74.2%)的特征。地球化学分析表明其大离子亲石元素Th和U等强烈富集,高场强元素Nb和Ta及Ti元素相对亏损,Sr元素具有明显的负异常,显示与板块消减俯冲有关的地球化学特征。该火山岩切割区域片麻理,说明其形成于碰撞后的陆内伸展环境,而其富铁和硅极不饱和的特征表示其有可能属于不混溶作用的产物,也可能属于后期热液蚀变作用,以及由富铁原岩在深部发生熔融并在伸展环境沿裂隙喷发而形成。该火山岩的K/Ar年龄介于4.76~7.25Ma,被熔浆包裹的围岩的磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)分析结果是2.04±0.21Ma,指示该火山岩可能是上新世-更新世喷发的(2～4Ma)。这些超基性富铁火山岩首次提供了高喜马拉雅构造带在新生代经历碰撞后发生伸展作用的火山岩证据,为认识青藏高原南部大地构造格局及其形成演化过程提供了新的依据。     

东南亚大地构造特征与成矿作用

东南亚地区位于全球特提斯成矿域、环太平洋成矿域与印度-澳大利亚成矿域的交汇地带。构造演化独特,先后经历了原-古-中-新特提斯增生造山、印度-欧亚陆陆碰撞造山、太平洋俯冲等多期次构造-岩浆事件,形成了多条火山弧带、蛇绿混杂带以及同碰撞和后碰撞岩浆岩带。本文在总结前人大地构造研究成果基础上,将东南亚地区划分为6个一级构造单元、32个二级构造单元和57个三级构造单元。伴随着原-古-中-新特提斯构造演化、印度-欧亚大陆碰撞、太平洋俯冲等多期次构造域事件,以构造单元划分为基础,将东南亚地区划分为3个一级成矿域,6个二级成矿省,21个三级成矿带,并结合构造演化初步探讨了主要成矿事件。     

The westward drift of the lithosphere: A tidal ratchet?

Is the westerly rotation of the lithosphere an ephemeral accidental recent phenomenon or is it a stable process of Earth's geodynamics? The reason why the tidal drag has been questioned as the mechanism determining the lithospheric shift relative to the underlying mantle is the apparent too high viscosity of the asthenosphere. However, plate boundaries asymmetries are a robust indication of the ‘westerly’ decoupling of the entire Earth's outer lithospheric shell and new studies support lower viscosities in the low-velocity layer (LVZ) atop the asthenosphere. Since the solid Earth tide oscillation is longer in one side relative to the other due to the contemporaneous Moon's revolution, we demonstrate that a non-linear rheological behavior is expected in the lithosphere mantle interplay. This may provide a sort of ratchet favoring lowering of the LVZ viscosity under shear, allowing decoupling in the LVZ and triggering the westerly motion of the lithosphere relative to the mantle.     

Diagnostics of the shape and orientation of a rock failure zone based on electrical measurements as an inverse problem of geophysics

Exploration geophysics is concerned with the development of methods and techniques for remote search for mineral deposits, solution of various engineering and geological problems, mining monitoring, and diagnostics of zones of rock bursts and natural and technogenic tectonic earthquakes. In this paper, we consider the diagnostic problem of exploration geophysics related to the determination of the shape and inclination angle of a plane source of natural geoelectric field, which, under certain conditions, simulates a rock failure zone, e.g., during the preparation of rock bursts at the sites of developed mineral deposits. This approach may also be useful in determining the shape and size of ore shoots by electrical measurements on the ground surface. Evaluation of the parameters of a rock failure zone is required in the case of accumulation of multiple fractures having charges of the same sign before a catastrophic failure. This problem is formulated as a Fredholm-Urysohn integral equation of the first kind. The solution of the integral equation is sought using the Tikhonov regularization method of the second order.